OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



337 



dustanee " karpud," in Bengalee " kurubee " (Lindl.), and possibly the plant in question : — the 

 " karavira " is mentioned in the Mrichchhakati x., and by Susrutas ; and the " hayamaraka " by Susru- 

 tas sutr. 36 to chikits. 18 : N. odorum was observed in Hindustan by Hermann lugdb. pi. 448, Rheede 

 ix. pi. 2, and Roxburgh ; by Graham, " in gardens " and " wild by the banks of Deccan rivers ; " by 

 myself, clearly indigenous along the river-bank of the Godaveri ; and according to Lindley, "the 

 bark of the root and the sweet-smelling leaves are considered by the " natives " powerful repellants, 

 applied externally." Farther East, the shrub is enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah ; and 

 is known to occur in gardens in China and Japan (Barrow trav. p. 505, and Blume). 



At ArmozSia (Ormuz) opposite the projecting promontory of Arabia, a man was seen who wore 

 the Greek dress and spoke Greek, and who proved to be a straggler from Alexander's army; then, 

 according to his account, only "five days journey" distant. After an interview with Alexander, 

 Nearchus resumed his voyage ; and in the inner portion of the Gulf, in addition to canoes propelled 

 not by oars attached to the sides but paddled, met with ships of burden (Arrian 1. c. 27 and 38). 

 Continuing along the coast of Carmania, Persis proper, and Susiana, Nearchus and the fleet at length 

 reached Thirithdtis or Teredon at the mouth of the Euphrates. By this voyage, a more accurate idea 

 of the configuration of a large portion of Asia was made known to the Greeks. 



"324 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome by decree of the senate, the dictator L. Papirius Cursor and 

 the "magister equitum" L. Papirius Crassus continued in office without any consuls. The Samnites 

 defeated. 



"323 B. C." (Clint.), death of Alexander. In the ensuing partition, Ptolemy obtained the gov- 

 ernment of Egypt. His earliest buildings there bear the hieroglyphic ovals of Philippus Aridaeus 

 and Alexander IV. ; nominal successors to the whole Empire. 



The first mention of the lunate sigma C is ascribed to the poet Aeschrion, a pupil of Aristotle 

 and said to have accompanied Alexander on some of his expeditions — (Tzetz., Franz, and Sm. 

 b. d.). This form of sigma occurs in an inscription found on Sicily and perhaps anterior to " B. C. 

 282 ; " also in an inscription under Ptolemy III. 



Campanula ramosissima of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of bell-flower called 

 in Greece " agria goulia " (Sibth.) ; and the E P I N N of Diodes of Carystus, growing about springs 

 and streams and at the base of mountains, — giving out according to Dioscorides five to seven 

 branches a span long, its leaves incised at the apex, flowers white, fruit or seed small black and 

 austere, the stem and leaves abounding in juice, is referred here by Fraas : C. ramosissima is de- 

 scribed by Sibthorp : and was observed by him, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Zacynthus and the 

 Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the " ennos '' or " 6kimo£ithgs " or " uthreron " 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "okimoum akouatikoum " of the Romans; the account by Pliny 

 of the "herba" called by the Greeks " erineon " seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides, but he adds 

 that its juice is milky and sweet. 



Bupleurum prstractum of the East Mediterranean countries. A simple-leaved Umbelliferous 

 plant called in Greece "skullomarathron " (Fraas); and the "aliud hippomarathri genus" having 

 according to Diodes long narrow leaves and coriander-like seed — (Plin. xx. 96), according to Dio- 

 scorides small narrow oblong leaves and round coriander-like fruit fragrant and heating, the medicinal 

 properties as in the first kind but weaker, maybe compared: B. protractum is described by Link, 

 and was observed by Fraas in vineyards and cultivated ground in Southern Greece. 



"322 B. C." (Plut, and Clint), submission of Athens to Antipater; by whom, "twelve thou- 

 sand" of the poorer citizens were disfranchised, and some of them carried into Thrace. 



Montia fontanel of extreme Northern and Austral Climates. A diminutive subaquatic, growing 

 around springs, and called in Britain blinks or blinking chickweed or zvater chickweed or water b inks 

 (Prior); in which we recognize the MYfl* herb of Dercylus, growing in the Achelous, and inducing 

 blindness if mixed in water for washing sight to be recovered by appeasing Diana — (Plut. fluv. 22, 

 5): M. fontana was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus; by Grisebach, in 

 Roumelia ; by Savi, in Italy; by Moris, in Sardinia; by Boissonade, on the mountains of Southern 

 Spain ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow from the environs of Paris and London to 

 Ireland and Lapland (Pers., Curt. fl. lond. iii. pi. 8, Fries, and Wats.). Farther West, was observed 

 by Hooker on Iceland; by Lapylaie, as far South as Lat. 52 on Newfoundland; by Mertens, at 

 Norfolk Sound on the Pacific coast; by Chamisso, on Unalascha and throughout the Arctic portion 

 of Northwest America; is known to grow also in East Siberia (Ledeb.) ; and on Antisana and 

 Pichinca, peaks of the Equatorial Andes (Kunth). In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by 

 C. Gay in Chili; by J. D. Hooker, on the Falkland Islands, New Zealand, the Auckland Islands, 

 Campbell Island, and Kerguelen Island (A. Dec). 



In this year (= 288 -j- "34 years reign " in the Mahavamsa v.), through the brahmin Chanacca, 

 Danepala-Nandeya (Nanda) slain and succeeded by prince Chandragutta or Sandracottus. 



" 321 B. C." (Clint., see Strab. xvii. 1. 8), the body of Alexander brought into Egypt by Perdiccas, 



43 



