340 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



in Greece " vromohorton " or " eliotropion," by the Turks "bambal otu " (Sibth.), in Egypt " sackran " 

 inebriating, its leaves if eaten believed to induce vertigo, in Yemen " kerir " or "akrir" (Forsk.) ; in 

 which we recognize the " verrucariam" identified by Pliny with the '• heliotropium " prescribed by 

 Apollodorus, — and Apollophanes ; also the " eliotropion mega" of Dioscorides, with leaves following 

 the sun, and from the fashion of its whitish or ruddy flowers sometimes called " skorpiouron : " the 

 " ikrar" is mentioned by Abul Abbas, and Ebn Baitar • H. Europseum was observed by Forskal p. 38 

 near Mor in Yemen ; by Grant from " Lat. 16° " on the Nile banks near cultivation ; by Forskal, and 

 Delile, in Egypt ; by him, and Sibthorp, abounding in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus 

 throughout the Greek islands to Marmora. Westward, the " heliotropium " is mentioned by Varro i. 46, 

 and that following the sun is described by Pliny xxii. 19 as occurring chiefly in cultivated ground, 

 half a foot high and having blue flowers ; the " solago major " is mentioned by Apuleius 49, and the 

 " verrucaria " by Isidorus Hispalensis : H. Europaeum is termed " h. majus Diosroridi " by Tournefort 

 inst. 139, "h. erectum" by Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, and is known to occur in 

 other parts of Southern Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 207, and Pers.). By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America, where it continues in " waste places, Maryland, Virginia etc. in a few 

 places" (A. Gray). " H. villosum," observed by Tournefort cor. 7 on the island of Melo (Pers.), 

 and by Fraas in continental Greece, is regarded by Bory as perhaps not distinct. 



"317 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), Philippus Arldaeus put to death by Olvmpias. Who was at 

 once besieged at Pydna by Cassander, — and after two years, captured and slain. 



"The same year" (Diod. xviii. 3, xix. 14, and Buns. iv. 7. 2), Porus decoyed into the power of 

 Eudemus Greek king of Bactria, and put to death : Sandracottus being present. 



Not earlier than the last-named year (D. Laert., and Clint.), commencement of the government 

 of Demetrius Phalerius over Athens. — He ruled "ten" years. 



Stac/ivs betonica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain beiony (Prior, 

 and Lindl.), in France " betoine " (Nugent), in Germany " betonie,"in Italy " betona" or" betonega" 

 (Lenz), in Greece " prionetes " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " vettonica" of the Gauls, dis- 

 covered in Spain by the Vettones (Plin.) and hardly later than this date, — being identified through 

 Pliny with the "k^stron" prescribed in 1 Mul. morb. in to 119 and 2 Mul. morb. 63 : while in Syn. 

 Diosc. the " kSstron " called " psuchotrophon " from growing in the coldest places is identified with 

 the " 6u6ttoniken " of the Romans : " herba vettonica " is prescribed by Celsus v. 27 against the bite 

 of serpents; and in the days of Pliny xxv. 46 was called in Italy ■• serratula ; " the " prionitis " 

 (a Greek translation of this name) is mentioned by Alexander Trallianus (Billerb.) : S. betonica 

 was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Forskal near Constantinople ; is known to grow 

 also in Asiatic Russia; and "aquae betonicae" was found by Alpinus, and "betonica" syrup "from 

 Europe" by Forskal mat. med., employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, s. betonica is described 

 by Brunfels f. 89, Tragus f. 180, Valerius Cordus f. 165, and Clusrus hist. ii. 38 (Spreng.) ; is termed 

 " b. purpurea " by Tournefort inst. 203, " b. officinalis " by Linnaeus ; was observed by Lenz wild in 

 North Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 726, 

 Curt. lond. iii. pi. 33, and Pers.). Continues in medicinal use as appears from Lindley, and from 

 "the fine rigid hairs" when powdered inducing sneezing " is generally made an ingredient in herb- 

 snuffs." 



"315 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), coalition of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and LyMmaehus, and war 

 commenced against Antigonus. 



"In this year" (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, death of Xenocrates. He was succeeded by Polemon as 

 head of the Academic school of philosophy. 



Sisymbrium polyceratium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece 

 "agriopra" (Forsk. and Sibth.) or " skullovrouva " (Fraas), by the prophets "erakleous alphita," in 

 Egyptian "eVethmou" (Syn. Diosc); and the EPYCIMON enumerated as esculent by Polemon 

 diat. 14, —mentioned also in 2 Mul. morb. 81, by Dioscorides as growing around towns and dwellings 

 and having leaves like those of " euz6m6 agri6," yellow flowers, and at the summit slender horned 

 fenugreek-like pods containing small seeds that are used medicinally, is referred here by writers : 

 S. polyceratium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places and around 

 villages from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the " erusimon " 

 or "hamaiplion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the u Srion£m" of the Romans; the " irio " is 

 mentioned by Columella, by Pliny xviii. 10 as cultivated in Italy : S. polyceratium is described by 

 Anguillara p. 173 (Spreng.); is termed " erysimum polyceration vel corniculatum " by Tournefort 

 inst. 228; is known to occur in Italy and throughout Southern Europe as far as Portugal (Pers., 

 Brot., and Lenz), and escaping from gardens has been found springing up spontaneously^ Britain 

 (Wats. cyb. i. p. 152 and iii. p. 384, and A. Dec. ; see S. irio). 



Avena sativa of Abyssinia. Called in Britain haver or oat, in Anglo-Saxon "ata" meaning 

 originally food, in Holland " haver," in Germany " hafer " or " haber," in old high German " haparo " 



