OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 341 



(Prior), in Bohemian and Russian "oves" or "owes," in Hungary "zab" (Moritz.), in France 

 "avoine" or " aveine " (Nugent), in Italy " avena coltivata " (Lenz), in Greece " vrdmos " 

 (Zalikogl. and Fraas), in Egypt "zammeyr" (Clot-Bey); in which we recognize the BPOMOC 

 commended for food by Polemon diaet. ii. 12 — (Athen. xi. 56), and Dioscorides ii. 116, mentioned 

 also by Dieuches, Theophrastus viii. 4. 1 to 9. 2, Oribasius, Hesychius, by Galen alim. fac. i. 14 as 

 abundant in Asia Minor, especially in Mysia, and made into bread as well as given to horses : 



A. sativa was observed by Chaubard under cultivation in Greece and springing up spontaneously ; by 

 Fraas, cultivated only as a curiosity ; ten varieties according to Clot-Bey were introduced under 

 Mohammed Ali into Egypt and cultivated for fodder; was observed by Bove in the Desert around 

 Sinai (Decaisne ann. sc. nat. ii. 13); by Bruce, wild in Abyssinia and sometimes tall enough to 

 conceal horse and rider, the straw "thick as the little finger" formed into huts "like bee-hives," the 

 grain " not valued but the taste is good " and cakes of the meal were often made by him " in remem- 

 brance of Scotland " (Grev.). Westward, the cultivated " avena " is mentioned by Horace sat. ii. 80 ; 

 by Pliny iv. 27 to xviii. 44 as the only " pulte " of the Germans, and with bird-eggs the only food of the 

 Oonae of the Baltic : A. sativa continues under cultivation from Italy to "65° " in the Scandinavian 

 peninsula, but remains unknown on the Faroe Islands (A. Dec). Eastward from Syria, is called 

 " sulu " by the Tartars (Moritz.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, and called 

 " ienbaku," or usually " karasmuggi ; " and var. " nuda " by Bunge in waste ground around Pekin. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation ; to 

 Austral America, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire naturalized around Montevideo ; to Juan Fernandez 

 (Bertero) ; to California, observed by myself naturalized and covering hills for many miles around 

 San Francisco Bay, but in Oregon under cultivation only ; to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; and to 

 Hindustan (Royle himal. 419). 



"314 B. C. = 1st year of Nan-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 

 In his reign, walls were built on the Tartar frontier, from the Hoang-ho river to Pe-tchi-li, and from 

 the border of Chan-si to the Gulf of Liao-toung. 



Ccronilla securidaca of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "pikrolouvi " (Sibth.) ; 

 and the nEAEKINOI : EN : CITQ prescribed by (Soranus ?) mul. morb. ii. 63, — or " pSISkinos " of 

 ointment-makers identified by Dioscorides with the " ethusaron " growing among wheat and barley, 

 its horn-like pods containing bitter seeds shaped like a two-edged axe, is referred here by writers : 

 C. securidaca was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated and fallow 

 ground from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. Westward, the " pelecinum " is described by Pliny 

 xxvii. 95 as springing up among grain and having pods by threes or fours and curved or hooked in 

 the manner of horns : C. securidaca is described by Matthioli p. 641 (Spreng.) ; is termed 

 " securidaca lutea major " by Tournefort inst. 399; and is known to occur in Italy, Southern France, 

 and Spain (Dec. fl. fr., Pers., and Lenz). 



Biserrula petechias of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the plant prescribed, — for the 

 "pglekinos " of Theophrastus viii. 8. 3 springing up among "aphakais" (in one ms. "phakois " as 

 read by Pliny xviii. 44) and named from the resemblance to an axe, is referred here by some writers : 



B. pelecinus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in various parts of the Peloponnesus. 

 Westward, the "pelecinon" that destroys " lentem '' is identified by Pliny with the " herba securi- 

 daca : " B. pelecinus is described by Clusius hist. ii. 347 ; is termed " pelecinus vulgaris " by Tournefort 

 inst. 417 ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 



Cotyledon umbilicus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain navel-wort 

 (Prior), in Germany " nabelblatt," in Greece "zoumgra" or " sampouni " (Fraas) or " samvouni " or 

 " kotuletha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the KOTYAHAONOC whose leaves are prescribed in 

 1 Mul. morb. 117, — mentioned also by Nicander, Cratevas, and according to Dioscorides its saucer- 

 like leaves used medicinally : C. umbilicus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 

 on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " kotule- 

 th6n " or " skutalion " or '■ kumvalion " or " kepos aphrothites " or "ges omphalos " is identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the "oumvilikoum vSngris " of the Romans; the "cotyledon" having a fleshy 

 concave leaf and growing in maritime and stony places, is mentioned by Pliny xxv. ior ; and the 

 "umbilicus veneris," by Apuleius 43 : C. umbilicus is termed " c. major" by Tournefort inst. 90 ; 

 was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Spain and Portugal and as far as 

 Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 325, and Pers.). 



Sedum stellatum of the Mediterranean countries. A species of stone-crop called in Greece 

 " a<*ria anthrakla " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " anthrahnen agrian " identified through S) n. 

 Diosc. with the THAE*ION of 2 Mul. morb. 80, — its leaves according to Nicander ther. 873 

 employed against bites of venomous animals ; also with the "triton eithos aeizSou " of Dioscorides, 

 pungent and ulcerating, growing on rocks, its leaves broader than those of " anthrahnes " and hairy : 

 S stellatum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in clefts of rock on the mountains of 



