344 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



both kinds it would seem from Dioscorides being eaten as potherbs, and their fruit used medicinally; 

 Pliny xx. 83 expressly states that the " atriplex silvestre " is used for the same purposes as the 

 cultivated kind, and besides for dyeing the hair : C. bonus-henricus was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in mountainous situations from the Peloponnesus to Aetolm West- 

 ward, is described by Gerarde, Bauhin hist. ii. 965, and Parkinson ; is termed " ch. folio triangulo " 

 by Tournefort inst. 506 ; is known to occur in waste places throughout middle Europe as far as 

 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 579, and Pers.) ; was once much cultivated in Britain, but is regarded by 

 Babington, and Watson, as probably exotic and now naturalized. By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America, observed by myself in cultivated ground in the environs of Salem. 



Arum arisarum of the Mediterranean countries. A small species called in Greece " thrakontia " 

 (Sibth.); and clearly the APIMY acrid BOABION: EN: I1YPOIC prescribed, especially that 

 from Egypt, in 2 Mul. morb. 63 : — the " aris " growing in Egypt and resembling the " aro " but 

 smaller with smaller leaves and a root not exceeding the size of a large olive, is mentioned by Pliny 

 xxiv. 98, also by Galen voc. Hipp. 442, and Hesychius ; and the "arisaron" having according to 

 Dioscorides an olive-like root and more acrid than the " arou," is referred here by writers : A. arisarum 

 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, extremely frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout 

 Greece ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, and by myself in winter near the pyramids. 

 Westward, is termed "arisarum latifolium majus " by Tournefort inst. 161 ; was observed by Savi iv. 

 101 in Italy (Spreng.).; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe, as well as in 

 Barbary (Pers.). 



Polypodium vulgare of Northern Climates. Called in Britain polypody or by the older herbalists 

 oak-fern (Prior), in Italy " felce quercina" or "polipodio quercino " (Lenz), in Greece "then- 

 throphthem " (Fraas) or " polupothi " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the nOAYnOAION 

 prescribed in 1 Mul. morb. 45, — mentioned by Theophrastus caus. ii. 17.4 as sometimes growing on 

 trees, by Dioscorides as a span high and growing on mossy rocks and trunks of trees : P. vulgare 

 was observed by' Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in such situations in Greece ; is known to 

 grow also in Siberia (Hook.). Westward, the polupothion '' or " skolopSnthron " or "polurrizon " is 

 identified in Syn. Diosc with the "philikoula phloukitalis "of the Romans, by Pliny xxvi. 37 with the 

 •• filiculam : " P. vulgare was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to 

 grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Iceland (Hook., and" Bory). Farther West, 

 is known to grow in Subarctic America from Lat. 64 to 54° (Hook.), has been observed by myself 

 along the Atlantic from Northern New England to Lat. 39 , is known to grow on the Alleghanies as 

 far as Alabama (Chapm.), was observed by Nuttall along the Arkansas, and again by myself along 

 the Pacific at Puget Sound. 



Piper nigrum of Tropical Hindustan. The black pepper of commerce is called in Tamil 

 " molagoo-vully," in Telinga " moloovoo-kocli " (Drur.), in Bengalee " golmarich," in Hindustanee 

 "filfil" or " golmirch " (D roz.) or "mirtsh" (Fleming), in the environs of Bombay " miree " or 

 '■ kala miree " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the Indian round pepper called MYPTIAANON 

 of 2 Mul. morb., — the "strongulon pfipcri '' distinguished by Theophrastus ix. 20. 1, and " medan " 

 kind of Dioscorides, Pliny xii. 14, and Galen fac. simpl iii. 97 ; also the " fulfill " of Rhazes, Avicenna, 

 Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar : pepper is termed " sacrum " by Persius, and down to the Fifth century 

 was so highly valued as to be enumerated by Attila among other things required for the ransom of the 

 city of Rome (Drur.) : in regard to the ancient route of importation, I saw on the Nile a quantity of 

 black pepper that had been brought from Mecca across the Red Sea and through the Thebaid. East- 

 ward from Arabia, the vine producing it was observed by Rheede vii. 12, Roxburgh, and Graham, under 

 cultivation in Hindustan ; by Mason v. 494 " exotic " in Burmah, " often seen creeping up the trees " 

 and called " nya-yoke-koung ; " by Marsden, on Sumatra, at the present day the principal seat of its 

 cultivation. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where according to Lindley it is 

 also successfully cultivated. 



Piper trioicitm, regarded as the original state of the same plant by Wight, and Miquel, is called 

 in Telinga " murial-tiga " (Roxb.), in the environs of Bombay " cockerwail " (Grah.) ; was found by 

 Roxburgh wild in moist rich soil shaded with trees among the Circar mountains; by Graham, 

 " clothing the trunks of high trees " at Lanowlee not far from Bombay. Roxburgh commenced a 

 plantation of some fifty acres, which from 1789 yielded abundantly, and the product was rated by the 

 merchants equal to the best Malabar pepper (Lindl , and Drur.). 



Piper betle of the Malayan archipelago. The betel vine is called in Sanscrit " nagurulee " or 

 " tamboolee" or " tambooluvulle," in Bengalee "pan" (Lindl.), in Hindustanee "pan" or " tambol " 

 (D'roz.), and at Bombay the roots as a stimulant medicine "paun-ka-jhar " or "pippla mool " 

 (Vaupell) ; ■in which* we recognize the INAIKOY of 2 Mul. morb. 47 — identified through Galen 

 with the "p£per£os riza " of Dioscorides ii. 188; also the "fulfill mujah " root of pepper plant 

 mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Ebn Masah, Avicenna p. 237, and Ebn Baitar. The plant itself is 



