OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 345 



called "tanbul" or "tamul" by Maserjawia, Abu Hanifa, Masudi, Haly Abbas, Gafeki, Avicenna, 

 Ednsi^and Ebn Baitar; and the imported folded leaves have sometimes reached Egypt, where 

 "fufal" or"areca & betel" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as " masticatorium!" Farther 

 South, P. betle was observed by myself under cultivation on Zanzibar. Eastward, by Rheede vii. 

 pi. IS, Roxburgh, Graham, and myself, under cultivation in Hindustan; by Burmann pi. 82, on 

 Ceylon; by Mason v. 495 "exotic" in Burmah, extensively cultivated by the natives and called 

 '•kwon-rwet;" by Rumphius v. pi. 116, and myself, under cultivation throughout the Malayan 

 archipelago, but by Blume once found wild in a marsh among mountains on Java (Lindl.). By 

 European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where according to Lindley it is now cultivated. 

 (See Areca catechu). 



"313 B. C." (Hindu narr., Benfey, and Buns.), Pataliputra * on the Ganges captured and the 

 sons of Nanda dethroned ; Sandracottus establishing himself there as king. — Pataliputra (not far 

 from Patna) was visited by Fa-hian. 



"312 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint), at Gaza, Demetrius Poliorcetes defeated by Ptolemy and 

 Seleucus Nicator. Babylonia was now seized by Seleucus ; whose entrance into Babylon " March 

 13th, Tuesday" (Blair) marks the Era of the Seleucida. — Used especially by the Jews, under the 

 name " Dhilcarnain " or " Era of contracts." 



Clearchus of Soli, a pupil of Aristotle, possibly at this time writing. 



Primus domestica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. In its wild state called in 

 France "prunelle," in Lorraine "brimbelle" (Fe"e) ; in which we recognize the BPABYAON 

 growing according to Clearchus on Sicily and Rhodes, — mentioned also by Seleucus, Theocritus 

 vii. 145, Athenaeus ii. 10, and Galen alim. fac. ii. 38; and " brabyla " by Pliny xxvii. 32. Cultivated 

 kinds are called in Britain prune or damson (Prior), in Greece "thamaskenea " (Fraas), in which 

 we recognize the " prdumn.es " having a gum of Theophrastus ix. 1, the " kokkumelea " called in Asia 

 "pr6umnon"of Galen simpl med. fac. vii. 35, and the Syrian " kokkumelea " growing according 

 to Dioscorides especially at Damascus and the fruit dried : P. domestica was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece and sometimes growing spontaneously; is known 

 to grow wild around Caucasus and the Talysch mountains (Pall. fl. ross. i. p. 18, Ledeb., and A. Dec.) ; 

 was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; and by Forskal, under 

 cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. Westward, the "cereolum et damasci prunum " is mentioned 

 by Columella x. 405, the " damascena " or "pruna in damasco monte nata " is enumerated by Pliny 

 xiii. 10 and xv. 12 as a tree but recently introduced into Italy, and the dried fruit "pruna pere- 

 grinae senectae " is mentioned as laxative by Martial xiii. 29: P. domestica is termed "p. fructu 

 cerei coloris " by Tournefort inst. 622, and cultivated varieties are familiarly known in the gardens 

 of Europe. By European colonists, some of these varieties have been carried to Northeast America, 

 where they continue frequent in gardens in our Northern and Middle States. 



" The same year " (Sm. b. d., and Lubke and Lutrow), the " via Appia " or oldest Italian road, 

 built by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus ; the earliest literary Roman, writing however in Greek. 

 He also built the oldest of the fourteen aqueducts that supply Rome with water. 



"311 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus and Q. Aemilius Barbula consuls, the 

 Etruscans having declared war, defeated by the Romans. 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Roxana widow of Alexander, and her son Alexander Aegus, put to 

 death by Cassander. 



Pisitm ochrus of the Mediterranean countries. A species of pea called in Italy "araco nero " 

 (Lenz), in Greece " auk6s agrios " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the APAKQN of Dieuches — 

 (Oribas. iv. 8), mentioned as a cultivated pulse by Phanias of Eresus (Athen. ix. 71), and Clemens 

 Alexandrinus strom. i. 7 ; by Theophrastus viii. 8. 3 as springing up among lentils, its seeds hard 

 and rough : P. ochrus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated ground from 

 the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; and the " aracus " is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants 

 of Egypt. Westward, the "cicer nigrum" is distinguished by Pliny xviii. 32 to xxii. 71 : P. ochrus is 



* Bignonia suaveolens of Tropical Hindustan. A flowering tree called in the environs of Bombay 

 " purul " (Graham), in Sanscrit " patali " (Koenig) ; and giving its name to the city of Pat'ali putra 

 on the Ganges — (C. Mull, note to Arrian ind. 10) : " patala " flowers are mentioned in the Saddharma 

 pundarika (Burn. ii. 218 to 415), by Jayadeva (res. asiat. iv. 291), Susrutas, Harivansa 18, and as 

 red by Kalidasa raghuv. xvi. 52 to xix. 46 : the " po-tch'a-li " seen by Hiouen-Thsang 8 in Hindustan, 

 is referred here by Stanislaus-Julien : B. suaveolens was observed by Gibson, and Graham, on the 

 Deccan, its "flowers in terminal panicles, of a dark purple colour and very fragrant ; " is termed 

 " b. gratissima " by Koenig ; and was observed by him, and Roxburgh, in Tranquebar and other 

 parts of Hindustan. 



44 



