346 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



described by Morison ii. pi. 3 ; is termed "ochrus folio integro capreolos emittente semine subluteo " 

 by Tournefort inst. 396, " ochrus uniflorus '' by Moench ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is 

 known to occur in cultivated ground in Southern France and as far as Portugal (Lam. fl. fr., Dec, 

 and Pers.). 



Arum Dioscoridis of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " vourvos " (Fraas) 

 or "agriokolokuthia" (Sibth.) j and the " aron " commended by Dieuches, — Cleophantus, and 

 Diodotus (Plin. xxiv. 92), stemless according to Theophrastus vii. \i. 2 to 13. 2 and its root and leaves 

 steeped in vinegar and eaten, described by Dioscorides as having smaller leaves than those of 

 "thrakontiou" and less spotted, is referred here by writers : the "aron" called on Cyprus " kolo- 

 kassion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " loupha" of the Syrians, and the " luf " of Ebn Baitar 

 is admitted to be an Arum : A. Dioscoridis is described by Sabbati hort. rom. ii. pi. 75 (Bory) ; was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus 

 and Boeotia to Cyprus, the root cooked and eaten. 



"310, Aug. 15th, about 8 a.m." (Diodor., Blair, and Clint.), eclipse of the sun, nearly total, 

 "being eleven digits 10'." Agathocles after defeat in Sicily by the Carthaginians transporting 

 his army to carry the war into Africa, with the co-operation of Olynthius or Ophelas of Cyrene, 

 marching by land (pseud-Aristot. oecon. ii. 35, Diodor. xx. 40. 1, Marcian, and C. Mull, geogr. min. 

 p. xxiv). 



" The same year " (Sm. geogr. diet.), Q. Fabius Maximus and C. Marcius consuls, the Ciminian 

 forest first crossed by the Romans, and the Etruscans and their allies defeated at the Yadimonian 

 lake by Q Fabius Maximus : the first decisive blow to the ancient power of Etruria — (according to 

 Livy ix. 39). 



Boswellia sp. of Equatorial Eastern Africa. A stunted tree only five feet high, affording a kind 

 of " looban " (Grant) or frankincense , perhaps the " livan6tos " tree (according to Juba) transplanted 

 under the Ptolemys into Egypt : observed by Grant "growing locally in patches in 3° N." on the Nile. 



Boswellia, papyrifera of Abyssini . Called there "makar" or " makkar " (Rich.); and possibly 

 the "livanotos" tree in question, — and that known to Theophrastus ix. 4. 2 as growing near Saba 

 on a mountain whose summit was covered with snow : B. papyrifera was received by Richard from 

 Abyssinia, where it grows at the elevation of about "four thousand " feet on the mountains (C. Mull, 

 geogr. min. i. p. cvii). 



" 309 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), Heracles, only surviving son of Alexander, put to death by Polysperchon 

 and Cassander. 



As early perhaps as this date (Sm. b. d.), Herophilus removing to Alexandria, as affording 

 opportunities for dissecting : — he there made important discoveries in Anatomy, and became eminent 

 as a physician. 



Plantago coronopus of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain star 

 of the earth (Prior), in Italy "piantaccine coronopo " (Lenz), in Greece " kuparissohorton " (Sibth.), 

 by the Arabs " atariabelal " (Spreng.) ; in which we recognize the THC: ACT EPOC prescribed 

 against bleeding by Herophilus — (Gal. comp. med. vii. 4) ; also the " astrion " of Syn. Diosc. ii. 157, 

 and Actuarius, referred here by Stapel : the " radschil elgorab " of Ebn Baitar is referred here by 

 Sprengel, and Sontheimer : P. coronopus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, fre- 

 quent on the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria 

 and Cairo. Westward, the "astrion" or " aramfinos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "atir- 

 sipte " of the Numidians, and " kakiatrikem " or "stilago" or " saggouinariam " of the Romans: 

 P. coronopus is termed " coronopus hortensis " by Tournefort inst. 128 ; was observed by Forskal on 

 Malta, as well as near Marseilles ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 

 (Blackw.pl. 460, Hall. helv. 658, Pers., Engl bot. pi. 892). 



Symphytum officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain comfrey 

 (Prior), in Sweden " vallort," in Germany " beinwelle " or "beinheil," in France "consoude" 

 (Spreng.), in Italy "consolida maggiore " or "sinfito consolida " (Lenz), in Greece " xekouli " 

 (Sibth.); in which we recognize the CYM*YTOY whose root is prescribed against bleeding by 

 Herophilus — (Gal. comp. med. vii. 4), not named but alluded to by Theophrastus ix. 18.2: S. 

 officinale was observed by Sibthorp in Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, the " sum- 

 phuton alio" or "pekten" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "soldaginem" of the Romans; and 

 the "consolida" is mentioned by Apuleius Barbaras 60: S. officinale is described by Brunfels i. 75 

 (Spreng.); is termed " s. consolida major flore purpureo qua; mas" by Tournefort inst. 138; was 

 observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow in moist shady situations as far as Britain (Engl. bot. 

 pi. 215, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, 

 where it continues about dwellings, the flowers according to A. Gray "yellowish-white, rarely pur- 

 plish." Formerly according to Lindley was "in much repute as a vulnerary, but not now used;" 

 the root however yielding mucilage and "useful in coughs and all internal irritation." 



