OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 347 



Symphytum brochum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " honthroutziko " 

 (Fraas) ; and probably included in the "sumphutou " of Herophilus, — and others : the " sumphuton 

 alio " of Dioscorides, two cubits or more high covered with roughish pubescence that excites itching, 

 stem empty like that of " soghou " and rendered angular by adnate " vouglossou "-like leaves, flowers 

 white or yellow, roots black but within white and mucilaginous, is referred here by Fraas : S. brochum 

 is described by Chaubard, and was observed by him, and Fraas, in cool situations in Attica and the 

 Peloponnesus. 



Ajuga reptans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France and Britain 

 bugle, in mediaeval Latin "bugulus" or " consolida," in old English " consound " or "consoud" 

 (Prior); and possibly the "sumphutou" of Herophilus, — and "sumphuton pStraion " growing 

 according to Dioscorides among rocks and having " origano "-like branches, " thumou "-like heads, 

 a long reddish root, and employed against spitting blood and among other medicinal purposes for 

 agglutinating wounds. A. reptans was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in woods from the 

 subalpine portion of the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the " symphyti " is identified 

 by Scribonius Largus 83 with the "inulam rusticam" or "alum gallicum " and its root prescribed 

 against bleeding from the lungs, chest, or arteries ; the " symphyton petraeum " of the Greeks is 

 identified by Pliny xxvii. 24 with the "alum" of the Romans, resembling " cunilae bubulae," healing 

 broken bones and agglutinating flesh even in cooking, but his further account seems chiefly taken 

 from Dioscorides: A. reptans is termed "bugula" by Tournefort inst. 209; and is known to grow 

 in woods and meads throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 925, Curt. lond. ii. 

 pi. 43, and Pers.). 



"308 B. C. = beginning of the Eleventh manwantara " among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari 

 tables, and Bentl.). 



"The same year" (= 543 — "235 yrs." of the Mahavans. v. p. 68, and Mason iii. 40), at Pata- 

 liputra (near Patna on the Ganges) meeting of the Third great Budhist council. 



Corypha umbraculifera of Ceylon. The talipot palm is called in Tamil " condapana," in Telinga 

 "sidalum,"in Bengalee " talee " (Drur.) ; and the "tala" leaves on which the early Budhist Scrip- 

 tures of Kasyapa's council were written — (according to tradition current in the days of Hiouen- 

 thsang 158), may be compared : "the leaf used for writing on " is described by Nicolo Conti as "six 

 cubits long and almost as many broad : " C. umbraculifera was observed by Rheede iii. 1 to 12 in 

 Malabar; by Knox, wild on Ceylon; and according to Roxburgh, and Drury, the leaves are used 

 for writing on with an iron style, for portable tents and for covering houses, for umbrellas by all 

 classes, and the seeds are used as beads by certain sects of Hindus, and the pith converted into a 

 kind of sago. Farther East, "leaves so big that five or six men can stand in the shade" were seen 

 by Jordanus mirab. in " India major : " C. umbraculifera was observed by Mason " exotic " in Bur- 

 mah and called "pas ; " by myself, under cultivation on the Philippines, where according to Blanco 

 it is called in Tagalo and Bisaya "buri" or "buli." By Nimrao, was introduced "in 1833" into the 

 environs of Bombay (Graham). 



Corypha taliera of Eastern Hindustan. The book palm, an allied species, is perhaps the "tala" 

 in question: — the "tali " of Kalidasa ragh. xiii. 15, and Susrutas chik. 17, is referred here by Hess- 

 ler • C. taliera was observed by Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 255 to 256 in Bengal, its leaves used for writing 

 on with an iron style, for thatching roofs, and hats and umbrellas are made from them (Drur.). 

 Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 425 to 812 in Burmah and called "pas," planted near 

 " religious edifices " and its leaves used for writing on. By Nimmo, was introduced "in 1833" into 

 the environs of Bombay (Graham). 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Ptolemy visiting Greece as liberator, obtained possession of Corinth 

 and Sicyon, where he left garrisons. 



About this time, "at the expense of kings" (Plin. ii. 65, and Gemin.), the height of mountains, 

 Pelion, Cyllene, and others in Greece, measured by Dicaearchus a pupil of Aristotle. Dicaearchus 

 also collected statistics tending to show, that more human beings perish through the violence of man, 

 than from all other causes combined. 



"307 B. C." (= 543 — "236 yrs.," Tumour mahawans. xiii., and Elphinst. ii. 4), the Budhist 

 religion introduced from Hindustan into Ceylon* (compare B. C. 246). 



* Odina wodier of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Terebinthaceous tree called in Sanscrit 

 "ajasringha" (Pidd.), in Tamil "kulleyum" or "woodian," in Telinga "waddi gampina," in Hindu- 

 stanee "cushmulla," in Bengalee "jiwul" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "shimtee" (Graham), 

 in Burmah "hnan-bai" (Mason) ; in which we recognize the "coliya" tree on the site of and giving 

 its name to a new city — (Mahavams. i p. 24), and the " ajasringi " of Susrutas sutr. 36 : O. wodier 

 was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 32 in Malabar; by Graham, "on the Ghauts pretty common," also 



