350 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



by Dioscorides as having leaves like wheat, seeds in two or three husks in a terminal head from 

 which bristles arise : Ae. ovata was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from 

 the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to the Dardanelles: and "Ae. triaristata " (seen in 

 Greece by Bory and regarded by him as perhaps not distinct) was observed by Delile near Alexan- 

 dria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the " festuca " called " aegilops " is men- 

 tioned by Pliny xviii. 44 and xxv. 93, and as killing barley : Ae. ovata is described by Dodoens, 

 p. 539; is termed " gramen spicatum durioribus et crassioribus locustis spica brevi " by Tournefort 

 inst. 519 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to occur also in Barbary, and in various parts of 

 Southern Europe (Scop., Pers., and Spreng.). The traditional belief that wheat changes into this 

 grass, was ascertained by Godron to arise from hybridization, lasting only a single generation (A. Dec. 



P- 933)- 



Galanthus nivalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain snowdrop, in 

 Germany " sclmeetropfen " (Prior), in France " perce-neige " (Nugent) ; the AEYKOION described 

 by Theophrastus vii. 13. 9 as bulbous with a round root, — is referred here by Dodoens, and Fe"e : G. 

 nivalis was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople, and by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 

 Westward, is termed " narcisso-leucoium trifolium minus " by Tournefort inst. 387 ; and is known to 

 grow throughout middle Europe as far as Holland (Jacq. austr. pi. 330, prodr. fl. Bat., and A. Dec.) ; 

 but in Britain was known to Gerarde, and Ray, under cultivation only, and is regarded by Watson as 

 exotic and naturalized. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 

 under cultivation as a garden flower. 



Leucohim cestivum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The OniTIQN of Theophras- 

 tus vii. 13. 9 — is referred to this genus by Camerarius ; and L. aestivum, observed by Sibthorp 

 around Constantinople, seems the only species known in Greece. Westward, the " calathis virentia 

 lilia cam's " of Columella x. 99 is referred here by Sprengel : L. aestivum is termed " narcisso-leucoium 

 pratense multiflorum" by Tournefort inst. 387 ; is known to grow in Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 202, and 

 Pers.); but is regarded by Watson as cultivated only and naturalized in Britain, and by A. Decan- 

 dolle as probably also exotic in Holland and Denmark. 



Lloydia Graeca of the East Mediterranean countries. The CICYPITXION of Theophrastus i. 

 10. 7 to caus. vi. n. 11, an edible bulb having leaves from the root only, and none from the stem, — 

 may be compared : the " sisyrinchion " is enumerated by Pliny xix. 30 among bulbs known to the 

 Greeks: L. Graeca is termed "bulbocodium graecum myosotidis flore " by Tournefort cor. 50; was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the loftier mountains from Crete and the Pelopon- 

 nesus to Cyprus ; and by Labillardiere v. pi. 8, in Syria. 



Scilla hyacinthoides of the West Mediterranean countries. The BOABOC: E P I 0<E>0 PO C of 

 Theophrastus vii. 13, having an esculent root covered inside of the bark with a woolly substance 

 of which garments are made, — unknown to Pliny xix. 10, but termed " bulbus fabrilis " by Apicius, 

 is referred here by Dierbach, and Sprengel : S. hyacinthoides is termed " s. eriophora " by Miller ; 

 and is known to grow in Portugal and on Madeira (Linn., Ait. i. p. 445, and Pers.). 



Ledebouria hyacinthoides of Hindustan. Called in Hindustanee " bankanda " (D'roz.), in the 

 environs of Bombay "boe-kunda" (Graham) ; and the Indian kind differing according to Theophras- 

 tus vii. 13. 8 in being hairy rather than woolly, — may be compared : L. hyacinthoides was observed 

 by Nimmo in " both Concans, with two or three other undetermined species " (Graham) ; by Ainslie, 

 and Rottler, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bundelkund, the bulbs " employed in cases of 

 strangury and fever in horses," and according to Theodore Martius also " as a substitute for squills" 

 (Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is described by Sprengel ii. 97, and Boyle bot. mag. pi. 3226. 



Urginea Indica of the seashore of Hindustan and Burmah. The Indian squill is called in 

 Hindustanee "janglipiyaz" (IJ'roz.), in Bengalee "kanda,"in Tamil " nurrivungayum," in Telinga 

 "addivi-tella-guddaloo" (Drur.) ; and is possibly the Indian B OA B C in question : — U. Indica was 

 observed by Graham "common on the sandy shores of both Concans," and "usually employed as a 

 succedaneum for the true squill ; " by Roxburgh, Wight pi. 2063, and Drury, in waste sandy situa- 

 tions near the sea in other parts of the peninsula, the burnt bulb according to Ainslie applied to the 

 soles of the feet when suffering from any burning sensation : was observed by Mason v. 491 " green 

 flowered," and frequent "on the seashore at Monmagon" in Burmah. 



Tulipa Celsiana of the East Mediterranean countries. The NAPKICCOC: AEIPIONof Theo- 

 phrastus vi. 6. 9 to 8. 1, vernal, having a broad leaf spreading on the ground, and a leafless stem bear- 

 ing a terminal flower, — may be compared: T. Celsiana is described by Gouan ; was observed by 

 Gittard along the Alpheus ; by Bieberstein, in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Steud.). 



Tulipa Sibthorpia.ua of the East Mediterranean countries. The AEIPION: ETEPONof Theo- 

 phrastus vi. 6. 9 to 8. 3, flowering in autumn, — may be compared : T. Sibthorpiana was observed by 

 Hawkins, and Sibthorp pi. 330, in the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor. 



Erythronium dens cams of Europe and Northern Asia. The unnamed plant, aphrodisiac by 



