352 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



tic (Conrad), and on the Alleghanies to Carolina (Mx.) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky ; by 

 Drummond, " not North of 53° " as far as the Rocky mountains ; was observed West of those 

 mountains by Douglas (Hook.). 



Aquilegia vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain columbine 

 (Prior), in France "ancolie " (Nugent), in Turkish "kanthili zitzgi " (Forsk.) ; and the nOSOC, 

 asstival according to Theophrastus vi. 7 and of two kinds, one having its flower hyacinth-like, the 

 other white and placed on sepulchres, — is referred here by Zalikoglous lex. mod. : A. vulgaris was 

 observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; and is known 

 to grow in Siberia as far as the Altaian mountains (Ledeb.). Westward, the "spectabilis pothos " is 

 mentioned by Pliny xxi. 39: A. vulgaris is described by Columna phytob. p. 1 ; is termed "a. sylves- 

 tris " by Tournefort inst. 42S ; is known to grow on Corsica and throughout middle and Northern 

 Europe as far as Lat. 63 15' in Norway (Gunner p. 80, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and according to A. Gray 

 '• is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places." 



Caltha palustris of Northern climates. Called in Anglo-Saxon "mersc-mear-gealla," in current 

 English gool ox golds or mare-blobs or marsh marigold (Prior) ; in which we recognize the E A E I 

 X PYCOC enumerated as vernal by Theophrastus vi. 8. 1, — and referred here by Dumolin : C. pa- 

 lustris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the marshes of the Peloponnesus. Westward, 

 is described bv Lyte ; is termed "populago flore majore " by Tournefort inst. 273 ; was observed by 

 Savi in Italy, bv Brotero in Portugal, and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe 

 as far as Denmark and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 6("„S, Hook., and Wats ). Eastward from Greece, is 

 known to grow about Caucasus (Ledeb) and throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal and Kamt- 

 schatka (Gmel , Pall , and A. Dec ) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, in a flower-vase and 

 called •• ienko so." Farther East, is known to grow along the Columbia river and from Lat. 6o° in 

 Canada and Labrador (Hook.), 51 in Newfoundland (La Pylaie), to 39 along the Atlantic and on 

 the Mississippi (Conrad, and Beck). The plant according to A. Gray " is used as a potherb in spring." 



Brassica Cretica of the East Mediterranean shores. Called in Greece " skarolahanon " (Sibth.) 

 or " m6rolahan6n " (Fraas) ; and the A r P I A: PA<t>ANOC having according to Theophrastus vii. 4. 

 4 to 6. 2 small smooth and round leaves, — is referred here by Fraas : B. Cretica is termed " b. cre- 

 tica fruticosa folio subrotundo" by Tournefort cor. 16; was observed by Sibthorp, Grisebach, and 

 Fraas, frequent on the sea cliffs of Greece and the Greek islands. (See B. incana). 



Hesperis acris of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt "sphajri " (Forsk.), the probable origin 

 of the Greek name " Ssp£ris " transferred to an allied species : — H. acris, unknown in Greece, was 

 observed by Forskal p. 118, and Delile pi. 35, in the environs of Cairo frequent in the Desert and 

 having the taste and odour of Brassica eruca. 



Hesperis matronalis of middle Europe. Called in Britain dame's violet or Damask violet, in 

 medieval Latin "viola Damascena," in France "violette de Damas " (Prior) or "julienne" (Del.) ; 

 and the ECflEPIC of Theophrastus caus. \i. 17. 3 more odorous in the evening, — and hence the 

 name according to Pliny xxi. 18, is referred here by writers : the "philgspe'ron anthos " is mentioned 

 by the poet Dioscorides anth. pal. vii. 31, living in E-ypt ; and the"vi6Iam matronalem" of the 

 Romans in Syn. Diosc. iii. 128 (cod. n.) may also be compared : H. matronalis is described by Ray, 

 and Miller; and is known to grow wild throughout middle Europe from Switzerland to Denmark 

 (Pers., Fries, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 continues under cultivation for ornament, and according to A. Gray "begins to escape from gardens.'' 

 A cultivated variety with numerous white petals " odoratissimis,'' is mentioned by Persoon. 



Coronopus Ruellii of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wart cress or 

 swine's cress (Prior), in Greece " emera almurithra" or "armurithra" (Fraas), in Egypt " hab 

 rascbat" (Forsk.); and the KOPflNOnOYC, bitter according to Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to caus. ii. 5. 

 4 and its leaves spread upon the ground, — growing according to Dioscorides in waste places and 

 along roadsides, an edible prostrate little herb with incised leaves, is referred here by writers: C. 

 Ruellii was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places in the Peloponnesus and Attica ; 

 by Forskal p. 117, and Delile, from Alexandria to Cairo. Westward, the "coronopus" is described 

 by Pliny xxi. 59 to xxii. 22 as prickly with a creeping stem, and sometimes cultivated: C. Ruellii is 

 described by Ruel, Matthioli, Dodoens, and Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is termed "nasturtium sylvestre 

 capsulis cristatis" by Tournefort inst. 214; and is known to occur in waste places from the Canary 

 Islands to Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 202, Pers., and Wats). By European colonists, was carried to 

 Northeast America, where it continues in fallow ground from Rhode Island to South Carolina (Pursh, 

 Ell., and A. Gray). 



Camel iua saliva of the Uralian and Tartarean plains. Called in Britain gold of pleasure, even 

 in the days of Gerarde (Prior), in Germany "leindotter" (Grieb), in Italy "camellina" or "dorella" 

 or "miagro" (Lenz), in the Sixteenth century " pseudolinum " (Lonic p. 154) ; in wdiich we recog- 



