OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 353 



nizc the " muagros " identified through Syn. Diosc. with theMEAAMIIYPON infesting the wheat- 

 fields of Sicily according to Theophrastus viii. 4. 6, — mentioned also by Galen: the "muagros" is 

 described by Dioscorides as two cubits high with pale yellow flowers, seeds resembling those of 

 fenugreek but yielding fat which is smeared on twigs and burned as a lamp : C. sativa was observed 

 by Sibthorp in cultivated ground on Cyprus ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caspian countries, 

 and in Siberia as far as Lake Baical (Ledeb.). Westward, the account of the " myagros " by Pliny 

 xxvii. 81 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides: the "dornella" is mentioned by Hildegarde ii. 158, 

 and the "dorella" by Caesalpinus (Spreng.) : C. sativa was regularly cultivated in the middle ages, 

 its cultivation commencing probably in Russia or Germarty (A. Dec.) ; is described by Anguillara 

 p. 285, and Parkinson; is termed "a. segetum foliis auriculatis acutis " by Tournefort inst. 217, 

 '' myagrum sativum " by Linnaeus ; was observed by Lenz in grain-fields in Italy and sometimes 

 cultivated for its oil ; is known also as a weed among flax in Spain and Western Europe (Cav. i. pi. 

 60, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a 

 weed in cultivated ground from Salem in New England (observed by myself) to North Carolina 

 (Chapm.). 



Viola tricolor of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain flamy (Kent fl. 

 dom.) or paunce or pansy, in France "penseV or formerly "menues pense"es," in Italy " pensieri 

 menuti" in Germany " unniitze sorge," in medieval Latin "viola flammea " (Prior) ; in which we 

 recognize the "flammea" identified through Pliny with the *AOriNON: IONor$AOl of Theo- 

 phrastus vi. 6. 2 to 8. r, wild and cultivated, the flower scentless and coronary: — V. tricolor was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout the 

 Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Syria, and as far as Bagdad (Dec). Westward, the 

 account by Pliny xxi. 38 to 76 of the "flammea qune et phlox vocatur " seems taken from Theo- 

 phrastus, his " lutea viola " curing " capitis hulcera " is also V. tricolor, to the present day according 

 to Lindley "employed in Italy in tinea capitis : " V. tricolor is termed "jacea vel herba clavelata " 

 in Ortus Sanitatis 49 (Brunswygk), "herba trinitatis " by Brunfels ii. pi. 69," "v. bicolor arvensis" 

 by Tournefort inst. 421 ; is described also by Fuchsius 803, Dodoens, Castor Durantes, Stapel 651, 

 and Gerarde ; and in its wild form is known to grow on the mountains of Teneriffe, and in cultivated 

 and fallow ground throughout Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 623, Pers., 

 Hook., and Wats.). Eastward from the Euphrates, is known to grow in Siberia (Dec); was 

 observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides in Japan and called " kinsai," or usually 

 " komafisiko : " but possibly by European colonists was carried to Tropical Hindustan, observed 

 by Graham "in gardens " at Bombay and no native name is given. Clearly by European colonists, 

 was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and in the form of 

 " V. arvensis " has become naturalized in " dry or sandy soil New York to Kentucky and Southward " 

 (A. Gray), in our Southern States according to Chapman in "cultivated ground." 



Drypis spinosa of the Mediterranean countries. The A P Y n I C of Theophrastus i. 10. 6, having 

 thorns in place of leaves, — and nimed from wounding persons handling it, is referred here by 

 writers : D. spinosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on Parnassus. Westward, is described 

 by Micheli gen. pi. 23 ; and is known to grow in Istria, Italy, and Mauritania (Pers.). 



Silene behen of the East Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Greece " strouthoni " 

 (Siblh.) ; in which we recognize the CTPY9I0N of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 to 8. 3, prickly-leaved 

 and flowering in summer, but its beautiful flower not fragrant : — S. behen is termed " lychnis cretica 

 parvo flore calyce striato purpurascente " by Tournefort cor. 24 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Caria. 



Dianthus fruticosus of Crete and the Greek islands. A showy species of pink ; and the 

 AIOC .ANGOCof Theophrastus vi. 1. 1 to 8. 3, cultivated and coronary but the flower scentless, — 

 may be compared : D. fruticosus is termed " caryophyllus graecus arboreus leucoii folio peramaro " 

 by Tournefort cor. 23 and trav. i. pi. 9 ; and was observed by Sibthorp on Crete and Seriphus. 

 Westward, is enumerated by Persoon as a garden flower in France. (See D. arboreus.) 



Lavatera arborea of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " thgnthromoloba" 

 (Fraas); in which we recognize the MAAAXH : A n A E N A PO Y M E N H increasing in size after 

 seven months growth according to Theophrastus i. 3. 2 to 9. 2 and used for a staff, — also the 

 " thSnthromalahe " of Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 67, and Geoponica xv. 5. 4 : L. arborea was observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in maritime situations near Athens, also planted in gardens ; by Delile, in 

 gardens at Alexandria. Westward, an " arbor malvae " near Lixus estuary on the Atlantic in Mau- 

 ritania said to be twenty feet high with the trunk too large to be " circumplecti " clasped or embraced, 

 is mentioned by Pliny xix. 22: L. arborea is termed "althaea maritima arborea veneta" by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 97 ; and is known to grow along the seashore of Italy, Barbary, and Spain (Cav. v. pi. 139, 

 and Pers.). 



Acer campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain maser-lree or 



45 



