OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 357 



loftier mountains of Crete and Greece, the fruit eaten and red when ripe (in the unripe state' figured 

 by Sibthorp 478 not unlike a plump grain of wheat) ; was observed also by Labillardiere pi. 6 on 

 Lebanon (Pers.). " Amygdalus incana," growing on Caucasus (Pall. i. pi. 7), is regarded by Poiret 

 as identical (Steud.). 



Rubus casius of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dew-berry from the Anglo-Saxon 

 " duua " dove, in Germany " tauben-beere," in Norway " col-bar " (Fraas) ; and the XAMAIBATON 

 of Theophrastus iii. 18. 4, extending along the ground and rooting at intervals, — mentioned also in 

 the addition to Dioscorides i. 180, is referred here by Sprengel : R. caesius was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, is termed " r. repens 

 fructu caesio " by Tournefort inst. 614; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern 

 Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1213, and Pers.). 



Potentilla speciosa of the mountains of Greece and the Greek islands. An odorous kind of 

 OINANSH growing on the mountains of Cyprus is distinguished by Theophrastus odor. 6 : — P. 

 speciosa is termed " fragaria cretica saxatilis fruticosa folio subtus argenteo " by Tournefort cor. 21, 

 and was observed by Sibthorp on Parnassus and the mountains of Crete. 



Chamaenerium angustifolium of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain willow-herb, in 

 Germany " weidenroschen " (Grieb), in Italy " camenerio " or "sfenice" or " epilobio " (Lenz) ; and 

 the ONOOHPACof Theophrastus ix. 19. 1, a large shrub growing on mountains, its leaves like those 

 of the almond, flower red as in the rose, dried root smelling of wine and mixed in wine to promote 

 hilarity, — even according to Cratevas mitigating the ferocity of animals (Plin. xxiv. 102), is referred 

 here by writers : this power of taming animals is attributed by Dioscorides to the " onagra," identi- 

 fied in the added Synonyms with the " onourin " or " onothuran : " C. angustifolium was observed by 

 Sibthorp in shady situations on the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow throughout Northern 

 Asia, and its pith is mixed in a spirituous liquor prepared by the natives of East Siberia and Kamt- 

 schatka (Spreng.). Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 69 to 87 of the " Oenotheras " or " onu- 

 ris " seems taken from the Greek: C. angustifolium is described by Cassalpinus vi. 70; is termed 

 " chamaenerium latifolium vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 302 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is 

 known to grow from Switzerland as far as Sweden, where according to Linnaeus the young shoots are 

 eaten (fl. Dan. pi. 289, AIL, and Pers ). " C. angustissimum," termed " ch. angustifolium alpinum 

 flore purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 302, known to grow in Switzerland, and observed by Sibthorp on 

 mount Athos, is regarded by Persoon as not distinct. 



Myrrliis bunium of middle Europe. Called in Britain earth-nut or ground-nut from its nutty 

 esculent tubers (Prior); and the M Y P P I C of Theophrastus causs. vi. 13 AAXANHPON: EYCTO 

 MON: KAI: EYOCAAON — (Spreng.), having according to Dioscorides the stem and leaves of " k6- 

 nSiS " with a fragrant oblong roundish root grateful for food, — and identified in the added Synonyms 

 with the " murran "' or " konilen," is referred by Anguillara 2S4 to a cicuta-like plant with hairy stem 

 and leaves, anetho-like yellow umbels, seeds of cumini, and a turnip-shaped fragrant root tender and 

 well-flavoured, observed by him in Greece and Slavonia (Spreng.). Westward, the " myrrhis " or 

 "myrrham" or " smyrrhizam " is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 97, his account seeming chiefly taken 

 from the Greek : M. bunium is termed " bunium majus " by Gouan ill. p. 10, " b. flexuosum : ' by 

 Withering ; was observed by Persoon frequent near " Mont d'or in Auvergne ; " and is known to 

 grow as far as Britain (Huds., and Curt. Jond. pi.). 



Cachrys alata of the region around Caucasus. The M ATYAAPI C seed, called <£>YA AO N accord- 

 ing to Theophrastus vi. 3. 4, — is referred here by Sprengel : C alata was observed by Tournefort 

 trav. ii. pi. 1 2 r near Erzeroum, by Bieberstein on Eastern Caucasus. 



Thapsia villosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " omoioplSuron " (Sibth.); in 

 which we recognize the MATYAAPI C ETEPON of Theophrastus vi. 3. 7, distinguished at once by 

 experts from the C I A * I Y, less acrid and devoid of juice, growing not in Cyrene but in Syria, and it 

 is said also on Parnassus : — T. villosa was observed by Sibthorp on Patmos and Cyprus. West- 

 ward, is described by Dodoens, Lobel (Spreng.), and Clusius hist. ii. pi. 192 ; is termed "th. latifolia 

 villosa" by Tournefort inst. 322, •' t. decussata" by Lagasca ; is known to grow in Barbary (Lindl.), 

 Spain, Portugal, and as far as Southern France (Morison ix pi. 1 8, and Pers.). " The roots are 

 acrid and corrosive," have been " reputed purgative in a high degree," but this seems contradicted by 

 recent experiments (Fe"e, and Lindl.). 



Ferula nodiflora of the Mediterranean countries. The NAPeHKIA of Theophrastus vi. 1. 4 to 

 2. 8, differing from the NAP6HH chiefly in being smaller, — is referred here by writers : F. nodi- 

 flora was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Asia Minor and as far as Cau- 

 casus (Bieb., and Spreng.). Westward, the " narthecyan " is distinguished by Pliny as always 

 depressed : F. nodiflora is termed "f. minor ad singulos r.odos umbellifera" by Tournefort inst. 321 ; 

 was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Desfontaines pi. 253 in Algeria; and is known to grow in Sicily 

 (Steud., and Spreng.). 



