OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 359 



(Caesalp. xii. 6) ; was observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece ; by Forskal, and Delile, in the 

 gardens of Egypt. Westward, the "abrotonum" is mentioned by Lucretius vi. 123, Horace, Lucan ; 

 and as " subiiciatur pulvino," by Pliny xxi. 92, and Macer Floridus : A. abrotanum is described by 

 Bauhin, and Morison vi. pi. 2; and is well known in gardens from Italy throughout middle Europe 

 (Lenz, and Fraas). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Graham " in gardens " at Bombay, but no 

 native name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 

 in gardens. Is enumerated by Lindley as " a powerful anthelmintic." (See Santolina chamaecypa- 

 rissus). 



Atractylis cancellata of the Mediterranean countries. The TETPAMZ springing up in summer, 

 thorny-leaved, and enumerated among thistles by Theophrastus vi. 4. 4, — may be compared : A. can- 

 cellata was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and Crete to Rhodes and 

 Cyprus. Westward, the account of the " tetralix " by Pliny xxi. 56 seems taken from Theophrastus : 

 A. cancellata is described by Morison vii. pi. 39; is termed ".cnicus exiguus capite cancellato semine 

 tomentoso" by Tournefort inst. 451, "circellium " by Lamarck ill. pi. 662 ; was observed by Brotero 

 in Portugal ; is known to grow also in Spain and Barbary, its cancellated involucre imprisoning 

 flies (Pers.). 



Carthamus dentatus of the East Mediterranean countries. The ETEPA: ATPIAC: KNHKOY 

 of Theophrastus vi. 4. 5, hairy with stems COTKQAEIC Sonchus-like and in a manner Elll TEIO- 

 KAYAOC from weakness resting on cultivated land, — maybe compared: C. dentatus is termed 

 "cnicus atractylidis folio et facie incanus patulus flore purpurascente " by Tournefort cor. 33; was 

 observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, somewhat rare on the Greek islands and in Asia Minor. West- 

 ward, the account by Pliny xxi. 53 of the " cnicon silvestris altera," more hairy with "torosiore 

 caule," seems taken from Theophrastus ; but C. dentatus was observed by Forskal p. 217 frequent in 

 waste places on Malta, a foot high branching above "raro infra," the flowers "flavi." 



Carlina lanata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "kokkinagatho (Sibth.); and 

 the A K P N A of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 to 6, having almost the aspect of KNHKQ: HMEPQbutin 

 colour EIIIIANeON (translated " rufo " by Pliny) and its juice fatty, — may be compared : C. lanata 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 

 islands ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the " acorna " is enumerated 

 among pubescent thistles by Pliny xxi. 56: C. lanata seems described by Anguillara as observed by 

 him in Italy (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. flore purpuro-rubente patulo " by Tournefort inst. 500 ; was 

 observed by Garidel pi. 21 in Southern France, and is known to grow in Italy and Barbary (Pers.). 



Carlina acanthifolia of the Mediterranean countries. The A E Y K A K A N 6 A enumerated among 

 thorny-leaved plants by Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — mentioned also by Hicesius, by Dioscorides as hav- 

 ing a " kupgirS "-like bitter root, chewed to alleviate toothache, may be compared : C. acanthifolia 

 was observed by Gittard (Chaub.) about Arcadia in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " leuca- 

 cantha" or " polugonaton " or "phullon" or " ishiatha " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "spina 

 alva " of the Tuscans, and " gniakarthous " of the Romans ; but the account of the " leucacanthos " 

 by Pliny xxi. 56 to xxii. 18 seems taken from the Greek : C. acanthifolia is termed " c. chardous- 

 sae " by Villars ; was observed by Hacquet pi. 1 in Carniolia ; by Allioni pi. 51, in Piedmont ; and is 

 known to grow on the Pyrenees (Pers.). 



Carduus pycnocephalus of the Mediterranean countries. The A K A N C of Theophrastus i. 10. 

 6 to vi. 4. 9, having many stems and branching, and the only species of its kind, — may be com- 

 pared : C. pycnocephalus was observed by Chaubard, in grassy places in the Peloponnesus. West- 

 ward, the "acanon" by some classed with the "eryngio" is described by Pliny xxii. 10 as a low 

 spreading herb with broader spines, applied externally with wonderful effect in stanching blood : 

 C. pyocephalus is described by Barrelier pi. 417 ; and is known to grow in various parts of South- 

 ern Europe, the calyx-scales deciduous (Pers.). 



Cirsinm cynaroides of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle with glistening leaves ; and 

 the XAA KEIOC of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — enumerated among pubescent kinds by Pliny xxi. 56, 

 identified by Skarlatos with the "gaithouragkathon," may be compared: C. cynaroides is termed 

 " carduus creticus foliis lanceolatis splendentibus subtus incanis flore purpurascente " by Tournefort 

 cor. 31 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the vicinity of 

 Constantinople. 



Cirsium palustre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The thorny-leaved A E I M O N I A 

 of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : C. palustre was observed by 

 Sibthorp on mount Athos. Westward, the " limoniam " is identified by Pliny xxi. 99 to xxii. 43 with 

 the " scolymon," and the " scolymon " with the " carduus alter silvestris " single-stemmed and having 

 a purple flower': the " wulfes teasl " of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 156, as figured in manuscript 

 Y, is referred here by Harley and Cockayne : C. palustre is described by Morison vii. pi. 32 ; is 

 termed " cirsium pratense polycephalon vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 448 ; and is known to grow 



