360 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



in meads and swamps throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Curt. lond. vi. 

 pi. 56). 



Cirsium rivulare of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle called in Greece " ngroagkathi " 

 (Sibth.) ; and the AKAN6A:KEANQN0C extending itself by sending up shoots from its root, 

 mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 10. 6 among plants growing around the Orchomenian lake, — may 

 be compared : C. rivulare was observed by Sibthorp frequent in watery situations in the Pelopon- 

 nesus. Westward, is described by Pluckenet phyt. pi. 154; was observed by Jacquin austr. pi. 91 

 in Pannonia ; by Allioni, and Villars, in Piedmont and Southern France (Pers., and Steud.). 



Cirsium arvense of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Sweden "korntistel " or "akertistel" 

 or "gortistel" or "skrof-tistel " (Linn.), in Greece " neroagkathi " (Sibth.); and the "akantha 

 keanonos " — is referred here by Columna : the " segnisque horreret in arvis carduus " of Virgil 

 seems also referred here by C. Bauhin: C. arvense is termed " ceonanthos Theophrasti " by Columna 

 ecphr. pi. 45, "carduus in avena proveniens " by C. Bauhin pin. 377, ''cirsium arvense sonchi folio 

 radice repente flore purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 448, "serratula arvensis " by Linnaeus, and 

 is known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 57, Pers., and Wats.) : was 

 observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Scopoli, in Carniolia ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos ; by 

 Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains ; and by Pallas, as far as 49 on the Yaic. Westward, 

 by Hooker on Iceland (probably, as farther South, brought by European colonists); is known to 

 occur on Newfoundland and throughout Canada as far as the Saskatchewan (Hook., and A. Dec), 

 and spreading thence into our Northern States has received the name of Canada thistle ; was observed 

 by myself abounding along the Lower St Lawrence, and a frequent weed as far as the outskirts of 

 Philadelphia, but has disappeared from the last-named locality, and I have not heard of its occurring 

 farther South. 



Cirsium tuberosum of middle Europe. The AKANGA: BACIAIKH enumerated by Theo- 

 phrastus caus. i. 10. 5 as PIZOKE<J>AAA tuberous-rooted, — maybe compared: C. tuberosum has 

 not been observed by modern travellers in Greece ; but was found by Anguillara 147 in Tuscany ; 

 is described also by Lobel pi. 10 ; is termed "carduus pratensis asphodeli radice fol. tenuiter incisis" 

 by C. Bauhin pin. 377 ; and is known to grow in Germany and France. 



Cirsium Srrnicum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agrioagkathi " or 

 " kouphagkatho " (Sibth), in Egypt " chouk " thorn (Del) or "laelah'' (Forsk.) ; and possibly 

 the " agriagkathon " identified by Skarlatos with the nOAYAKANeOCof Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 : 

 — C. Syriacum was observed l.y Forskal. Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grain-fields from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus ; by Forskal, and Delile, about Cairo ; is 

 known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, is termed " c. albis maculis notatus flore purpureo " 

 by Tournefort inst. 450 ; was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and according to Persoon grows also 

 in Barbary and Spain. (See C. acarna). 



Echinops Gracilis of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of globe tliistle called in 

 Greece " k£phalagkatha" or " honthrokephala " (Fraas) ; and the PYTPOCof Theophrastus vi. 4. 

 4, prickly-leaved and branching towards the summit. — is referred here by Fraas : E. Graecus is 

 termed ■' echinopus graecus lenuissime divisus et lanuginosus capite minore caeruleo " by Tournefort 

 cor. 34, "e. lanuginosus " by Lamarck enc. ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent on 

 barren hills in Attica. 



Stu-lieliiia ditbia of the Mediterranean countries. The ONOriYEOC enumerated among thistle- 

 headed thorny-leaved plants by Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — may be compared : S. dubia was observed 

 by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). Westward, the account of the " onopyxos " by Pliny xxi. 

 56 seems taken from Theophrastus: S. dubia is described by Barrelier pi. 406 ; and is known to 

 grow in Italy, Southern France, and Spain (Pers ). 



Cetitaurea eeutauroides of the East Mediterranean countries. A yellow-flowered species called 

 in Greece "saitaggatho " (Forsk.); and the KENTAYPIAI having red juice according to Theo- 

 phrastus ix. 1. 1, called "triorchis" from being defended by the buzzard — (quoted by Pliny xxv. 

 32), and difficult to cut without wounding one's self, is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : C. 

 centauroides is described by Columna ecph. pi. 35 ; is termed "carduus centaurii majoris facie flore 

 luteo capitulo kmgis aculeis munitis " by Tournefort cor. 31; and was observed by Forskal, and 

 Sibthorp, from the 1'eloponnesus to Constantinople. 



Ccti/aurea spinosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Full of spinescent branches, and 

 called in Greece ■' iala stuvia," or by the Turks " djevann " (Forsk.); and the nANTA^OYCA 

 enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 5. 1 among plants having spines separate from the leaves, — may 

 be compared: C. spinosa is described by Alpinus exot.pl. 162; is termed " jacea cretica aculeata 

 incana" by Tournefort inst. 445; was observed by Forskal p. 217, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 

 sand of the seashore and other arid situations from Crete and Athens to Tenedos and Asia Minor, 

 and on account of its defensive spines placed in garden-hedges. 



