OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 36 1 



Tragopogon crocifolius of the Mediterranean countries. The TPAronQTONby some called 

 KO M H N, having according to Theophrastus vii. 7. 1 a long sweet root, short stem, crocus-like leaves, 

 and a large calyx filled with hoary pappus, — an account repeated by Dioscorides, is referred here 

 bySprengel: the "tragopogSn" is enumerated by Nicander fr. as coronary; and the " kome " of 

 Gafeki, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : T. crocifolius was observed by 

 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the " tragopogon 

 folns croco simillimis" enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt, seems the 

 same described in xxvii. 117 as growing in rugged places and "sine usu " useless : T. crocifolius is 

 described by Columna ecphr. i. pi. 230 ; is termed " t. purpuro-caeruleum crocifolium " by Tournefort 

 inst. 477 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow in Southern France (Pers.), and accord- 

 ing to Sprengel the root is edible. (See T. porrifolius). 



Rhagadiolus stellatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "ragaggiolo" (Caesalp.), 

 in Greece " sphalaggohorton " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the C|~l AAA! of Theophrastus i. 6. 

 11: — R. stellatus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the Peloponnesus 

 to Cyprus. Westward, the "aspalax" is enumerated by Pliny xix. 31 among plants growing wild 

 and having roots more numerous than the leaves : R. stellatus is described by Caesalpinus xiii. 

 10; is termed "rh. alter" by Tournefort inst 480; and is known to grow in Italy and Southern 

 France (Pers.). " R. edulis," termed "rh. lampsanae foliis " by Tournefort cor. 36, observed by 

 Sibthorp on Cyprus, and known to grow from Carniolia to Portugal (Pers.), is regarded by Gerard, 

 and Bory, as not distinct. 



Prenanthes chondrilloides of the East Mediterranean countries and mountains of Yemen. Called 

 in Yemen "kat er raejan " (Forsk.) ; and the YnOXOIPIC of Theophrastus vii. 7. r to 11. 4, a 

 spontaneously-growing potherb, smooth, sweet, and H M EPQTEPA having the aspect of cultivation, 

 — may be compared : P. chondrilloides has not been observed in Greece by modern travellers ; but 

 is known to grow as far as Carniolia and Italy (Arduin. ii. pi. 7, Scop., and Pers.). Farther South, 

 the " hypochoeris " is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt: P. chon- 

 drilloides was observed by Forskal p. 144 on mountains about Kurma in Yemen, and eaten crude. 



Prenanthes muralis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wall-lettuce 

 (Prior), in Greece "thrithax" (Sibth.); and the e P I A A K I N H C : fl I K P A C of Theophrastus ix. 11. 

 11 — m:iy be compared: P. muralis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in shaded 

 stony situations from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, 

 the "hare's lettuce " of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apuleius 114, distinguished from the "sow thystyll " 

 in gloss. Sloane 135, is referred here by Cockayne : P. muralis is termed "chondrilla sonchi folio 

 flore luteo-pallescente " by Tournefort inst. 475 ; and is known to grow along walls and in shaded 

 places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 509, and Pers.). 



Hicracium bidbosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " h£16n6horton '' (Sibth.) ; 

 and the nEPAIKIONof Theophrastus i. 6. n, pulled up by partridges and having large fleshy 

 roots more numerous than the leaves, — may be compared: H. bulbosum was observed by Sibthorp 

 in the Peloponnesus and on Zacynthus ; by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt Westward, is termed 

 " dens leonis tuberosa radice " by Tournefort inst. 468 ; and is known to grow in Barbary, Italy, and 

 as far as Montpellier (Pers.). 



Lapsana communis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain nipple-wort 

 from its use in cases of sore nipple (Prior) ; and the KPHIIIC of Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, having 

 stem leaves only, — may be compared : L. communis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 

 the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. Westward, the account of the " crepis " by Pliny xxi. 59 seems 

 taken from Theophrastus : L. communis is described by Tournefort inst. 479 ; was observed by 

 Scopoli 988 in Carniolia ; and is known to occur in cultivated ground as far as Denmark (fl Dan. pi. 

 500, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by 

 myself in cultivated ground near Quebec, and " in 1843 " made its appearance as far South as Boston 

 (Torr. and Gray, and A. Dec). 



Hyoseris lucida of the East Mediterranean countries. The An An H enumerated among potherbs 

 by Theophrastus vi. 4. 8 to vii. 1 1. 4, its leaves spreading on the ground, flower yellow and in growing 

 old EKnAnnOYTAI, flowering with the first showers after the equinox and new flowers successively 

 making their appearance throughout the winter and spring until the ensuing summer, — may be com- 

 pared: the account of the " aequinoctio nascens aphace " by Pliny xxi. 52 seems taken from Theo- 

 phrastus, with the addition that it is one of the esculent plants of Egypt: the Hyoseris tribe 

 accordino- to Persoon have "sem. marginalia saepius cal. squamis involuta pappo subobsoleto : " 

 H. lucida is described by Linnaeus; is termed "lapsana taraxacoides " by Forskal p. 145; was 

 observed by him, and Delile, near Alexandria ; and by Bory and Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 



Apargia hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The AnAPTI A enumerated by 

 Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 among plants having radical leaves only, — may be compared. A. hirta was 



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