562 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, throughout the lower portion of the Peloponnesus. West- 

 ward, is termed "dens leonis foliis hirsutis et asperis saxatilis " by Tournefort inst. 468, " leontodon 

 hirtum " by Linnajus ; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 

 (Scop., Vill., Hoffm., Curt. lond. vi. pi. 59, and Pers.). 



Fra. villus excelsior of Northern Europe and as far as the Oural and Caucasus. Called in Britain 

 ash, in Anglo-Saxon "assc," in Denmark and Sweden "ask," in ancient Danish " askr," in Holland 

 and Germany " esche," in old high German " asc," in France " fresne " (Prior), in Italy " frassine " 

 or "frasMiiu" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the larger "fraxinum" of the Greeks identified by 

 Pliny with the BOYMEAIOC, growing according to Theophrastus iii. 1 1. 4 to iv. 8. 2 in Macedonia, 

 and even in Egypt : — F. excelsior is known to grow wild in the Crimea and Caucasus, but seems 

 unknown beyond the Oural (Bieb., and A. Dec); was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt. 

 Westward, the "fraxinus" is mentioned by Virgil, Ovid, and Columella ; by Pliny xvi. 24 to xvii. 15 

 as planted in Italy : F. excelsior was observed by Lenz on the Italian slope of the Alps ; and is 

 known to grow wild as far as Lat. 63 in Norway (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and A. Dec), its tough 

 wood used in former times for spear-shafts, also for building boats, and in all times " preferred for 

 axe handles " and axles (Prior). 



Syringa vulgaris of Eastern Europe. A shrub called in English gardens lilac, a Persian name 

 (Prior, see Ligustrum vulgare) ; and the C l~l El PA I A flowering from the apex according to Theo- 

 phrastus i. 14. 2 to vi. 1.4, — and enumerated by Pliny xxi. 29 among coronary plants, may be com- 

 pared : the "blue-flowered jasmine" of Ishak ben Amran (Ebn Serap. 176), is referred here by 

 Parkinson: S. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp wild on mount Haemus, but not within the limits 

 of Greece (Smith in Rees cycl.) ; by Forskal, in the gardens of Constantinople; and by Alpinus, in 

 Egypt (Parkinson). Westward, was brought according to Matthioli from Constantinople to Italy ; 

 is termed "lilac vulgaris " by Lamarck ill. pi. 1 ; and has become frequent, cultivated and naturalized, 

 in middle Europe (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 

 tinues in gardens in our Northern and Middle States, but beyond Charleston I was assured does not 

 succeed (in conformity with its rareness in the same Latitude in Egypt). The unripe fruit according 

 to Lindley "is singularly bitter without any acrimony," and an extract is regarded by Curveiller as 

 " a remarkably good tonic and febrifuge." 



Phillyrea angustifolia of the mountains of the Mediterranean countries. The A * A P K H of Theo- 

 phrastus i. 9. 3 to v. 7. 7, evergreen, growing only on mountains, and its wood suitable for stakes or 

 props and for burning, — is referred here by some writers : P. angustifolia was observed by Gittard 

 in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Camerarius pi. 90; is known to grow in Italy, 

 Spain, and on the Atlas mountains (Pers.). 



/ \ia iiiimu myrtillus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain bilberry or bulberry or huckle- 

 berry or hurtlc-bcrry or whorl, e-bcrry, in Danish "bollebar" (Prior), in Germany " heidelbeere '' 

 (Grieb), in France "vaciet" (Nugent), in Italy " baccole " or '■ mirlillo " (Lenz); and the AMnEAOC: 

 T H C : I A H C according to Theophrastus iii. 17. 6 a slender-branched shrub with lateral sweet black 

 berries as large as a KYAMOC, the leaves small rounded and not fissured, — - is referred here by 

 writers : V. myrtillus was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also 

 on the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb., and W.its.). Westward, is termed •■ \itis idcea foliis 

 oblongis crenatis fructu nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 608 ; was observed by Lenz on the moun- 

 tains of Italy ; is known to grow also on the mountains of middle Europe, and in Northern Europe 

 as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Wats.). 



ril/arsia nymphoides of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain fninred water-lily 

 (Prior); and the MHNANOOCof Theophrastus iv. 10. I, growing around the Orchomenian lake, — 

 is referred here by writers : V. nymphoides was observed by Sibthorp in the waters of Greece as far 

 as Constantinople : and is known to grow from Eastern Russia to Lake Baikal (Ledeb.). Westward, 

 from the current name of an allied plant (Cockayne), the parti-coloured " ram geallan " of the Anglo- 

 Saxon leechbook i. 51 seems to belong here: V. nymphceoides is termed "nymphoides aquis inna- 

 tans " by Tournefort inst. 153 ; and is known to grow from Italy and the Pyrenees as far as Denmark 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 339, and A. Dec). Its floating leaves according to Lindley "are mottled above, pur- 

 plish beneath," and its stems continue in medicinal use as "bitter, tonic, and febrifugal." 



Convolvulus althasoides of open situations in the Mediterranean countries. °Called in Spain 

 " campanula, " in Portugal " verdezilla " (Lob.), in Greece " tou kalogerOu to horton " (Sibth.)j and 

 the IACIJ2NHC of Theophrastus i. 13. 2 to caus. ii. 18. 3, creeping' on the ground when no other 

 plant is near and its lily-like flower monopetalous with only angular indications of separation at the 

 summit, — may be compared : C. althasoides was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean border of 

 Egypt ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, Fraas, and Aucher, frequent on barren hills from Crete and 

 the Peloponnesus to the Marmora shore and Asia Minor; but according to A. Decandolle is not 

 known farther East. Westward, the " iasione in terra repens " of Pliny xxi. 05 to xxii. 39 is edible, 



