OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 363 



and is sometimes called " concilium," its leaf being so implicated as to seem several : C. althasoides 

 is termed " c. peregrinus " by Clusius (Lobel hist. 340), "c. argenteus elegantissimus foliis tenuiter 

 incisis " by Tournefort inst. 85 ; was observed by Tenore in Italy (Steud.), by myself on Malta ; and 

 is known to grow near Mogador in Morocco, and on the Canary Islands (A. Dec). Probably by 

 European colonists was carried to Madeira; and to North America, observed by Nuttall along the 

 Red and Arkansas rivers. Its roots according to L. Deslongchamps " contain a purgative resin " 

 (Lindl.). 



Heliotropium supinum of the Mediterranean countries. The HAIOTPOIIION of Theophrastus 

 vii. 3. 1 to 8. I and 15. t, Eni TEIOKAYA A prostrate, having persistent leaves, and at the time of the 

 solstice flowering from below upwards, — may be compared : the " eSlioio tropais grnos " is mentioned 

 by Nicander ther. 677 to 885 ; and the " eliotropion mikron " of Dioscorides, having round fruit, and 

 called " skorpiouron " in the added Synonyms, is referred here by Fraas : H. supinum was observed 

 by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 85, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in moist places especially 

 maritime from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands; by Forskal p. 39, and Delile, from 

 Alexandria to Cairo. Westward, is termed "h. minus supinum " by Tournefort inst. 139; and is 

 known to grow in Barbary, near Salmantica, and on the Mediterranean shore of France (Pers.). 



Cerinthe aspera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " nJrolahana'' or "nerou- 

 lakia" (Fraas) or " skalizonaki " or " palathrakoulia " (Sibth.); and the K H P I N GO N of Theophras- 

 tus vi. 7 — is referred here by writers : C. aspera was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 frequent from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos. Westward, the " cerintha " is mentioned by Virgil 

 georg. iv. 63; by Pliny xxi. 41 as "folio candido incurvo cubitalis capite concavo mellis succum 

 habente : " C. aspera is termed " c. quorundam major spinoso folio flavo flore " by Tournefort inst. 

 80 ; was observed by Hogg on Sicily ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe 

 (Pers.). 



Cerinthe minor of the East Mediterranean countries. Included perhaps in the " kerinthon," 

 mentioned as vernal by Theophrastus, — according to Fraas: C. minor was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, and especially in 

 vineyards in the spring. Westward, the ''cerintha" of Virgil, and Pliny, is referred here by Lenz : 

 C. minor is termed " c. quorundam minor flavo flore " by Tournefort inst. 80 ; was observed by Lenz 

 in Italy; and is known to grow in Styria, Austria, and as far North as Jena (Jacq. austr. pi. 124, and 

 Pers.). 



Lycium Barbarian of Barbary. A weak-stemmed shrub with long trailing branches slightly 

 thorny; and the PAMNOC: M EA AC agreeing with the other kind according to Theophrastus iii. 18. 

 2 in having thorns, but differing in the fruit, — may be compared : the " ramnos trite mSlanteYa " is 

 described by Dioscorides as having twigs five cubits long, and follicle-shaped fruit : L. Barbarum 

 was observed by Sibthorp on the island of Naxos. Westward, a " silvestre nigrius " kind of " rham- 

 nos " bearing " veluti folliculos," is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 76 : L. Barbarum is described Sloan, 

 afric. pi. 349 (Pers.) ; was observed by Shaw trav. ii. in Barbary ; and is well known in the gardens 

 of Europe. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be 

 planted for trellis work, but according to A. Gray, is as " yet hardly spontaneous." (See L. Euro- 

 pasum and L. Afrum). 



Orobanche cruenta of the East Mediterranean countries. The AIMOAOPON of Theophrastus 

 viii. 8. 5 to caus. v. 15. 5, having a short simple stem and destroying fenugreek by growing on the 

 roots, — is referred here by Fraas : O. cruenta was observed by Sprunner near Nauplia on Lagoecia 

 cuminoides ; and by Fraas on fenugreek near Haliartus. Westward, is described by Bertoloni ; and 

 is known to grow as far as North Italy (Pollini, and Lenz). 



Melissa officinalis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain garden balm, in France 

 " melisse " (Nugent), in Italy "melissa '' or " cedronella " (Lenz), in Greece "mSlissovotanon " or 

 " melissoborton " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the MEAICCO$YAAON of Theophrastus vi. 1. 

 4, — named according to Dioscorides from bees delighting in it, also the " melitSia " termed fragrant 

 bv Theocritus iv. 25, " mSliphullon " and " m&lissophuton " of Nicander ther. 554 to 677, " mSlitaina " 

 of Hesychius, and " melittidn " of the Geoponica xv. 5. 4: the "badrandschabuje," a Persian name 

 according to Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : M. officinalis was observed by Forskal in 

 gardens at Constantinople, and by him, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, wild in the environs and in 

 mountain woods as far as Parnassus and the Peloponnesus; by Hasselquist in Palestine, as well as 

 near Damietta ; and " spiritus melissa; " is enumerated by Forskal mat med as used medicinally in 

 Egypt. Westward, the " mSlissophullon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mSriseimorion " of 

 the Gauls, and " kitrag6 " or "apiastroum " of the Romans ; by Pliny xxi. 29 and 86 with the " apias- 

 trum " rubbed on hives to keep the bees from deserting; the "apiastrum" is mentioned also by 

 Varro iii. 16, and Columella, and the " melisphyllum " by Virgil geor. iv. 64 : M. officinalis is termed 

 "m. hortensis " by Tournefort inst. 193 ; is known to grow wild in Italy (Lenz), is besides cultivated 



