OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 367 



ward, the " amara " kind of Virgil eel. i. 79, may be compared : S. helix is termed " s. humilis capilulo 

 squamoso" by Tournefort inst. 591, "s. monandra " by Hoffmann;- was observed by Pollini in Italy; 

 and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 1343, and Pers.). "S. purpurea," 

 termed "s. vulgaris nigricans folio non serrato " by Tournefort inst. 590, also seen by Sibthorp in 

 the marshes of Greece, and known to grow as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Wats.), its 

 bark according to Lindley "the most bitter" of all, is regarded as not distinct: by European colo- 

 nists according to Carey, was introduced into the " low grounds " of Canada and our Northern 

 States. 



Pinus peuce of the mountains of Northern Greece. The [1EYKH: IAAIA of Theophrastus iii. 

 9. I, taller and straighter than the flA PA A I A kind, with thicker leaves and the cone longer and less 

 dehiscent, — or the " excelsa " kind of Latin writers, is referred here by J. D. Hooker linn. j. viii. 31 : 

 P. peuce was observed by Griesbach on mount P'eristeri in Macedonia (Daub.) ; the alleged " P. 

 sylvestris " seen by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus, may also be compared. 



Abies excelsa of Northern Europe and Asia and mountains farther South. Called in Britain 

 spruce or spruce-fir (Prior), in Italy "pezzo" or "abeto rosso" or "abeto di Germania" (Lenz) ; 

 and the EAATH:SHAEIAof Macedonia, distinguished by Theophrastus iii. 9. 6, — is referred here 

 by Fraas : A. excelsa was observed by him in Greece, but not South of mount Pindns. Westward, 

 the "abies" is mentioned by Plautus, Virgil, Propertius, the timber according to Pliny xvi. 38 and 

 76 in great request for spars and masts, and the foliage pectinated like that of " picea ; " was observed 

 by Caesar v. 12 in Gaul, and the "abies gallica " is expressly mentioned by Palladius nov. xv. 11: 

 piles or posts of A. excelsa occur in the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon), and the tree is 

 known to grow on the Alps and Appenines, the Pyrenees, Carpathians, and throughout Northern 

 Europe as far as Lat. 68° 15, but in Britain occurs only planted for ornament (Pers , Buch, A. Dec, 

 Daub, and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 

 under cultivation. 



Asplenium ruta-muraria of Northern Climates. A fern called in Britain wall-rue (Prior) ; 

 and the n HTANIQN enumerated by Theophrastus i. 10. 4 among plants whose leaves are fleshy 

 but not thickened, — may be compared : A. ruta-muraria was observed by Sibthorp in rock-clefts 

 from mount Parnassus to Constantinople. Westward, the " rutula " is mentioned by Cicero (Ainsw.) : 

 A. ruta-muraria is described by Matthioli 734, and Lobel adv. 362 (Spreng.) ; is termed " ruta 

 muraria " by Tournefort inst. 541 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe 

 (Engl. bot. pi. 150). Farther West, is known to grow on "limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, 

 Virginia, and southward along the mountains" (A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; was however observed by 

 Conrad near Philadelphia, and by Nuttall along the Arkansas. 



Asplenium adiantum-ni^rum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece 

 "skorpithi" (Sibth.) or "skropithi" or " skropithohorton " (Fraas), and the APYOIITEPICof 

 Theophrastus, — growing according to Dioscorides on the moss-clad portion of old oaks and resem- 

 bling the "pteVithi" but much smaller, roots hairy at the junction, and employed for extirpating hair, 

 is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : A. adiantum-nigrum was observed by them in Greece, not 

 infrequent in shady places and on mounds, sometimes on old oaks as described by Dioscorides. 

 Westward, the " thru5pt£ris " or " ptgrion " or " numphaia ptSris '' is identified in the Syn. Diosc. 

 with the "philiklam" of the Romans: the "dryopteris" is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 48, the bruised 

 root constituting "psilothrum" (depilatory ointment), but his account of the plant seems taken from 

 Dioscorides : A. adiantum-nigrum is termed "filicula quie adiantum nigrum officinarum " by Tourne- 

 fort inst 542 ; and is known to grow in middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1950). 



Csnea florida of Northern Climates. The #AC KON described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as grow- 

 ing in rags pendent and hoary on the branches of oaks, — is referred here by Fraas : U. florida was 

 observed by Sibthorp on trees around Athens and in Boeotia. Farther South, the " oschnah " is 

 mentioned by Avicenna as growing even on the walnut (Spreng.) ; and the "aschnah" is also men- 

 tioned by Ebn Baitar. Westward, U. florida is described by Tournefort inst. 550; is termed " u. 

 vulgatissima tenuior et brevior cum orbiculis " by Dillenius 69. pi. 13. f. 13 ; and is known to grow 

 throughout the wooded portion of Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 872). Farther West, a species regarded as 

 identical is frequent on forest-trees in North America. 



Usnea barbata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Perhaps included in the " phaskon " 



of Theophrastus : U. barbata was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, in the woods of Greece and 



on the Bithynian Olympus, and called " anSraithohorton." Westward, is termed "u. barbata loris 

 tenuibus fibrosis" by Dillenius 63. pi. 12. f . 6 ; is known to grow throughout the wooded portion of 

 Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 258); and according to Sprengel, in common with the preceding species 

 becomes more fragrant when growing on trees of the pine tribe. 



Alectoriajubata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The $ A C K N growing accord- 

 ing to Theophrastus iii. 8 on the AAI*AOIOCbut shorter and blackish, — may be compared: A. 



