3 68 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



jubata is termed "usnea jubata nigricans" by Dillenius pi. 12; and was observed by Sibthorp in 

 woods on the Bithynian Olympus, and var. "rigida" on mount Athos and in Boeotia. 



Lycoperdou efidendrum of Europe. The n EZIC of Theophrastus i. 6, — or "pezicae" of the 

 Greeks described by Pliny as a kind of fungus having neither root nor stem, may be compared: L. 

 epidendrum was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in France and 

 Britain (Bulliard herb. fr. i. pi. 503, and Sibth. oxon. 400). 



riocanium coccincum of shoal water in the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. 

 The sea $YKOC described by Theophrastus iv. 6 as drifted by the North wind against Crete, more 

 beautiful in colour than sea-purple, and used for dyeing fillets and garments, — is referred here by 

 Sprengel: the " phoinisson alos phukos " mentioned by Nicander as an antidote against serpents, 

 is identified by Dioscorides with the "phukos thalassion upomek^s kai phoinisson ; " the third kind 

 used for dyeing garments in Crete, is described by Pliny xxvi. 66 as " crispis foliis ; " and P. cocci- 

 neum was observed in the Propontis by Sibthorp. And farther North, P. coccineum is known to 

 grow around Britain (Huds. 5S6, Turner i. pi. 59, and Engl. bot. pi. 1242). 



Laurcncia bolryoides of the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. The AMnEAOC: 

 nONTIAof Theophrastus iv. 7 — is referred here by Billerbeck : L. botryoides was observed by 

 Forskal p. 192 in the harbour of Constantinople ; by Yirlet. in the gulf of Saros ; and by Bory, on 

 rocks on the coast of Greece. Farther South, was observed by Forskal in the Red Sea near Mocha ; 

 and is known to grow around the Kint islets on the coast of Australia (Bory). 



Cvstoscira selaginoides of the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic coast of Europe. The EAATH : 

 n N T I A of Theophrastus i v. 7, — may be compared : the sea " abies " is mentioned by Pliny xiii. 

 25 : the " enalon muriken," by Aelian xiv. 24 ; the " mvrica marina,' - by Clusius ; C. selaginoides 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, around the coast of the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow as 

 far North as Britain (Billarb., and Engl. bot. pi. 1968). 



Alcvonidinm ucmalion of the Adriatic, and coasts of the Peloponnesus. The CYKH: IIONTIA 

 of Theophrastus iv 7, — is referred by Billerbeck to Fucus turbinatus. A. nemalion was discovered 

 by Bertoloni in the Adriatic ; and was observed by Bory at the Southern extreme of the Pelopon- 

 nesus. 



Laminaria saccharina of the European coast along the Atlantic. Called in Britain honcy-iaare, 

 from "war" the Anglo-Saxon name for " seaweed " (Prior): the flPACON growing according to 

 Theophrastus iv. 6 outside of the entrance to the Mediterranean and very large more than a palm 

 wide, — is referred here by Fraas, and Lenz : L. saccharina has its surface coated with a layer of 

 sugar, much used according to Duchesne p. 364 by the Icelanders. 



"305 B. C." (Sin. b. d.), Rhodes besieged by Demetrius: — who in the following year made 

 peace with the Rbodians and returned to Athens. 



Echiitm viilgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain viper's bugloss 

 (Prior), and the "Shis'" herb with which Alcibius bitten bv a viper was healed — (Demetrius Chlorus, 

 and schol. Nicand. ther. 54 r ), may be compared : the " chit-ion £l£ron " is described by Numenius 

 as the useful kind, having a stem with elevated leaves and branches (schol. Nicand. ther. 637) ; the 

 " Alkiviou ehios" is commended by Nicander; E. vulgare was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, growing around Constantinople and in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is said to have 

 been introduced into Britain by the Romans (F. Adams transl. P. Aeg.); is described by Tournefort 

 inst. 135, and Blackwell pi. 29') ; and is known to grow in waste ground throughout middle Europe 

 as far as Denmark (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 

 become a weed in waste ground, observed by A. Gray especially abounding along the Shenandoah. 



Lycopsis cchioides of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. — Two kinds of 

 "ehieion" are distinguished by Nicander, and the " mikr5n edition " is described by Numenius 

 as having prickly leaves and a small root (schol Nicand. ther. 637) : the " ediion " or "thoritha" 

 or "alkiviathion "' is described by Dioscorides as having elongate rough leaves resembling those 

 of "aghouses," several stems, purplish flowers, and fruit like the head of a viper ; the "echis'' or 

 " doris " or " pseudanchusa," distinguished from the " anchusa " by the root not giving out red juice, 

 was employed by the Magians against " tertianis " intermittent fever, a leaf collected with the left 

 hand being applied externally (Plin. xxii. 24) : L. echioid.es " calycibus fructiferis inflatis pendulis " 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in unwooded situations in Greece and Cyprus ; and is 

 known to grow also in Armenia (Buxb. cent. i. pi. 1, Pers., and Bieb.). Westward, the " ehion " is 

 identified by Dioscorides with the " alkiviakoum " of the Romans : the " alcibion herba " was known 

 to Pliny xxvii. 22 only from its medicinal use ; but L. echioides has been observed in France (Dec. 

 fl. fr., and Bory). 



"304 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. Sempronius Sophus consuls, after a victo- 

 rious campaign by the Romans against their neighbours the Samnites, peace concluded and the 

 Second Samnite war terminated. 



