37<> 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



wild on the seashore of Crete and the Peloponnesus, and elsewhere under cultivation. Westward, 

 the "leukoion" or " vasileion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " opoula alva" or "viola alva" 

 or " augustia " of the Romans ; the " leucoium " is mentioned by Columella ix. 4. 4 to x. 97 : M. in- 

 cana is termed " leucoium rubrum " by Brunswyck (Spreng.), " 1- incanum majus " by Tournefort inst. 

 220 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; is known to grow wild on the seashore of Spain and Por- 

 tugal (Pers.), also near Bayonne and Teste in France, and on almost inaccessible cliffs around the 

 Isle of Wight (Laterr., Wats., and A. Dec). By European colonists; was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it continues a favourite garden flower. 



" 283 B. C. = 40 years " after the death of Alexander and " 2 years " after his own abdication 

 (Polyb., Porphyr., and Clint.), death of Ptolemy Soter. His son Ptolemy II. married Arsinoe daugh- 

 ter of Lysimachus; and afterwards another Arsinoe, his own sister (schol. Theocr., and Clint, 

 hi. p. 379). 



In ascending the Nile, the first temple beyond Phite is at Debod ; and presents sculptures of 

 the Ethiopian king Ergamenes, a cotemporary of Ptolemy II. (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 123 and 243; 

 the localities in several of Champollion's sheets of Nubian temples, having been transposed). On 

 Philas also, there is "a whole chamber containing nothing but Ethiopian representations and in- 

 scriptions." 



Philinus of Cos, reputed founder of the medical sect of Empirici, and "a pupil of Herophilus " 

 (Sm. b. d.), hardly later than this date. 



Nasturtium officinale of Europe, Northern Asia, and Northwest America. Called in Britain 

 water-cress (Prior;, in Germany '' brunnenkresse " (Grieb), in Italy "crescione" or '• nasturzio aqua- 

 tico " or " sisembro aquatico " (Lenz), in Greece " ntfirokarthamon," in which we recognize the "si- 

 symbrium " growing '• in riguis " known to Philinus — (according to Pliny xx. 91), also the "sisumvrion 

 to £n tois uthasin " of Zopyrus (Orib. xiv. (>z), and "sisumvrion StSron " an aquatic herb according 

 to Dioscorides with leaves at first round and as they increase dividing after the manner of rocket, 

 eaten crude, and in the added Synonyms identified with the " karthaminen " by some called " sion : " 

 N. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas in the water of springs everywhere in 

 Greece. Farther South, the " sisymbrion " of Dioscorides, and Galen, is referred by Ebn Baitar to 

 the " hurf elma ; " N. officinale was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine, is enumerated by Clot- 

 Bey as recently introduced into Egypt, and was received by Richard p. 15 from Abyssinia. West- 

 ward, is described by Anguillara p. 114 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. aquaticum " by Tournefort inst. 226 ; 

 and is known to grow in Algeria (Munbv). Italy, and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 690, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow in Armenia and throughout 

 Northern Asia as far as Behring's Straits (Ledeb.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan? abounding 

 in ditches and called " ta seri ; " and across the Pacific, was observed by Chamisso on St. Paul Island 

 (Schl.), and by Scouler at the mouth of the Columbia (Hook.). Possibly by European colonists 

 carried to Tropical Hindustan, where it was observed by Graham "in gardens." but no native name 

 is given ; and to Burmah, where it is enumerated by Mason as " exotic," and seems also devoid of 

 native names. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast .America, where it continues 

 under cultivation, and was observed by Nuttall naturalized on Long Island ; was also carried to 

 Madeira, the Canaries, and Cape Verd Islands (Lory, Braun, and A. Dec.) ; to the mountains of the 

 West Indies (Sloane, and Pursh) ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it has 

 become naturalized. 



Thymus zygis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "smari : " the ZYTIAA of Phi- 

 linus, — identified by Dioscorides with the "erpullos agrios," not creeping but erect with narrow 

 leaves and flowers pungent to the taste, is referred here by writers : T. zygis was observed by Fors- 

 kal, and Sibthorp, from Constantinople to the environs of Athens. Farther South, the"zugitha" 

 was known to Athenaeus xv. 23 in Egypt. Westward, T. zygis is described by Clusius hist. i. 358 

 (Spreng.); is termed " thymbra hispanica coridis folio" by Tournefort inst. 197; was observed by 

 Forskal on Malta, and is known to grow in Switzerland (Pers.). 



Fritillaria Pyrenaica of the mountains of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "ga- 

 zouli " (Fraas) ; and the A E I P I N and ION, purple-flowered according to Philinus — (Allien, xv. 27), 

 may be compared : F. Pyrenaica was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains from 

 the Peloponnesus to Parnassus ; is known to grow also in Russia and on Caucasus (Pers., and Adam), 

 and is termed " f . tulipifolia " by Bieberstein (Bory). Westward, is termed " t. flore minore " by 

 Tournefort inst. 377; and is known to grow in North Italy and on the Pyrenees (All , Gawl., and 

 Steud.). 



" 2.S2 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Fabricius Luscinus and O. Aemilius Papus consuls, the Boii defeated 

 and peace granted to them. In Southern Italy the Samnites revolting, defeated with the Lucanians 

 and Bruttians, Thurii relieved, and a Roman fleet attacked by the Tarentines. 



" Nov. 9th, three hours and a half after midnight " (Blair), another ouultation of the star Spica 



