378 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



lated "dilla" in TEfric's glossary, and the " paradilla " or " padella " is mentioned by Galfridus pr. 

 pm. (Prior) : R. obtusifolius is termed " I. folio minus acuto " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; was observed 

 by Pollini in Italy (Lenz), and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 22, 

 Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 

 become a frequent weed in our Atlantic States, and is distinctively termed by A. Gray " bitter dock." 

 Is used medicinally according to Lindley, having ' properties similar to those of" R. crispus. 



"274 B. C." (Blair, and Clint.), departure from Italy of Pyrrhus, defeated at Maleventum by the 

 Romans under Curius. 



As early probably as this date (Strab. xvi. 4. 5, and Plin. vi. 2r), by Ptolemy II., Dionysius sent 

 as ambassador to India, while Satyrus proceeded down the Red Sea to the country of the Troglo- 

 dytes, to investigate the hunting of elephants. 



"273 B. C." (Liv., Eutrop., and Clint.), arrival in Rome of ambassadors from Ptolemy II. of 

 Egypt, seeking friendship. 



Under Ptolemy II. (inscript. adul. ii. p. 141), " Troglodytic and Ethiopic " elephants were first 

 brought from Adule' to Egypt to be trained for the purposes of war. The account is confirmed by 

 Agatharchides 1 and 56, and the species is again asserted to be the African : (by what route the ele- 

 phants reached their destination we are not informed, but it seems probable that the public and the 

 Syrian king were deceived by landing Indian elephants on the coast near Adule). 



Odina Schimperi of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called " m'oooomboo " (Grant) ; and 

 possibly furnishing the net in which a serpent " thirty cubits " long was captured, and brought down 

 the Nile to Ptolemy II. at Alexandria — (Agatharch. 78): O. Schimperi was observed by Grant 

 from " 5 S. to 3 N." on the Nile, and nets for game made from its roots ; was received also from 

 Africa and described by Hochstetter. 



Acacia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree, prickly-stemmed, and called "m'salla" 

 (Grant) ; and possibly furnishing lashings on the above occasion : — observed by Grant " Dec. 12, 

 1862," in woods in Madi on the Nile, its inner bark made into lashings. 



Ficus Kotschyana ? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree with huge boughs, and called "m'koo" 

 (Grant) ; possibly furnishing lashings on the above occasion : — observed by Grant from " 5 S. to 3 

 30' N." on the Nile, its bark used for bark-cloths and short ropes. 



"272 B. C." (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), the Tarentine Greeks, although aided by a Carthaginian 

 fleet, defeated by the Romans. Terminating the war in Southern Italy. 



" In this year " (Sm. b. d.), Pyrrhus invading the Peloponnesus slain before Argos, and the king- 

 dom of .Macedonia recovered by Antigonus Gonatas. 



Aratus of Cilicia, physician and astronomical poet, was invited to the court of Antigonus 

 Gonatas. — He is mentioned by Theocritus vi and vii, Cicero orat. i. 16, and is quoted by Paul (Acts 

 xvii. 28). 



"270 B. C." (Polyb., Diod , and Sm b. d.), Hieron II., a son of Hierocles, made king at Syra- 

 cuse. He is praised in the Sixteenth idyl of Theocritus. 



Glaueium violaceiim of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt " ridjlet el 

 ghrab" (Forsk.) or " rigl el-ghorab " crow-foot (Del.); and the KYANEION XEAUONION of 

 Theocritus xiii. 40, growing in company with A A I A N TO N -around a fountain, — may be compared: 

 G. violaceum was observed by Sibthorp in Cyprus and the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal, and Delile, 

 around Alexandria and in the Egyptian Desert to the vicinity of Cairo. Westward, is termed "g. 

 flore violaceo " by Tournefort inst. 254, " chelidonium hybridum " by Linmeus ; is known to grow 

 in various parts of Southern Europe as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.), but as occurring in 

 Britain does not seem permanently naturalized (Engl. bot. pi. 201, and A. Dec). 



Cistus Mompelicnus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " voukitho : " the 

 AHAON of Theocritus xxi. 10, — identified by Dioscorides with a kind of " kistou " yielding "latha- 

 non," the leaves longer and becoming clammy in Spring, is referred here by Fraas : C. Monspeliensis 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on dry hills in < ireece and the Greek islands. Westward, is 

 termed " c. ladanifera monspeliensium " by Tournefort inst. 260, and is known to grow in Spain and 

 Southern France (Pers.; see C. Creticus). 



Cistus incanus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " koun.5uk.lia," or by the Turks 

 "ladan otu : " the POAOKICCOC or POAOKICTOC of Theocritus v. 131— is referred here by 

 Hogg : C. incanus is termed "c. mas secundus folio longiore " by Tournefort inst. 259 ; was observed 

 by Sibthorp frequent from Samos to Cyprus and the Peloponnesus ; by Hogg in Sicily, and having 

 "large rose-coloured flowers ; " is known to grow also in Spain and Southern France (Pers.). 



Fragaria vesca of Northern climates. Called in Britain strawberry, in Anglo-Saxon " streow 

 berie" (Prior), in France "fraise" (Nugent), in Germany "erdbeere," in Italy " fraga " or "fragola" 

 (Lenz), in Greece "phraouli" (Forsk., and Fraas) or " koukoumaria " (Sibth.) ; & and the K M A 

 PO I C I upon which goats are reposing in Theocritus v. 129 — are identified with " fra-a " by Apule- 



