OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 379 



]us; the "humi nascens fragum" is mentioned by Virgil eel. iii. 92 ; "montanum fragum" and " sil- 

 vers tri nata sub umbra mollia f raga " by Ovid met. i. [04 to xiii. 815 ; "terrestribus fragis" among 

 wild esculents by Pliny xv. 28 to xxi. 50 ; and the " phragouli " by Nicolaus Myrepsus iii. 46 : berries 

 of F. vesca occur in debris of the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland ; the plant was cultivated in 

 the medieval period (A. Dec.) ; is described by Ruellius, and Valerius Cordus (Spreng.) ; is termed 

 "f. vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 295 ; is known to grow wild in North Italy and Portugal (Brot, and 

 Lenz) and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers., and 

 Wats.) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains from the Pelopon- 

 nesus to Constantinople ; the medicinal use in Egypt of " fragaria " root is mentioned by Forskal 

 mat. med., and cultivation of the " fraisier " according to Clot-Bey has been recently introduced. 

 Eastward, F. vesca is known to grow wild on the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), and from Lat. 54° on tNfe 

 Volga to and beyond the Yenisei throughout Siberia (Gmel., and Pall.). Farther East, from Alaska 

 and the Pacific shore of America to Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan (Hook., and Wats.) and 

 throughout Canada and our Northern States ; extending along the Atlantic to Lat. 43 as observed by 

 myself, and farther South on mountains. From Europe, was however introduced into the gardens 

 of North America, where it continues to be occasionally cultivated ; into Jamaica and the Mauritius 

 Islands, and in these Tropical localities has become naturalized on the mountains (Purdie in Hook, 

 j. bot. for 1844, Bory, and Boj.). 



Galega officinalis of the Mediterranean countries. An allied plant is called in our Middle States 

 goafs rue (a name doubtless derived from Europe) : the A I I" I A N eaten by goats according to Theo- 

 critus v. 128, — and growing on mountains according to Babrius iii. 3 (Daub.), maybe compared: 

 G. officinalis was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, 

 is described by Hieronymus Fracastor, Gesner, Matthioli, Gerarde, and Morison ii. pi. 7; is termed 

 "g. vulgaris floribus caeruleis " by Tournefort inst 398 ; and is known to grow in Barbary and vari- 

 ous parts of Southern Europe as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, 

 was carried to Egypt (Clot-Bey) ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed under cultiva- 

 tion by Bojer. 



Scabiosa columbaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "ps6rohor- 

 ton," and the KNYZA growing among good plants for fodder according to Theocritus iv. 25 — may 

 be compared : also the " ps6ra " plant of Aetius (Ruel ii. 145) : S. columbaria was observed by Sib- 

 thorp frequent on the Greek islands. Farther South, is known to grow on the mountains of Abys- 

 sinia (A. Richard), and the " djussar er raaja '' observed by Forskal on the mountains of Yemen is 

 regarded by him as perhaps identical. Westward, is described by Columna (Tenor., and A. Dec. 

 p. 707) ; is termed " s. capitulo globoso major " by Tournefort inst. 465 ; was observed by Munby in 

 Algeria, by Gussone in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 314, Engl. bot. pi. 1311, and Pers.). "S. coronopifolia " 

 observed by Sibthorp pi. 114 on rocks in Greece, is regarded as not distinct (Steud.). 



Erica arborea of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. A small tree called on 

 the Canaries " brezo " (Lowe), in Italy " scopa arborea" (Lenz), in Greece " riki " (Sibth.) or 

 " 6r£ike " (Fraas) ; and the E P E I K A C cut with the woodman's hatchet according to Theocritus v. 64 

 — is referred here by Fe"e : E. arborea was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in the 

 Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. Westward, is termed " e. maxima alba " by Tournefort 

 inst. 602 ; is known to grow in Italy and throughout Southern Europe ; was observed by Lowe on 

 the Canary Islands (Major edit. Bethenc.p. 134); by myself, in the mountain-region of Madeira. 

 (See E. multiflora ) 



Cyclamen hederaefolium of the West Mediterranean countries. The KYKAAMINON of Theo- 

 critus v. 123 growing along the river Ales — (in Italy) according to the scholiasts, and the herb 

 described by them as also called " kalamithran," altogether useless or its slender root sometimes 

 applied to chilblains, may be compared : C. hederaefolium is described by Lobel pi. 605 ; was 

 observed by Hogg on Sicily, by Lenz in North Italy ; was already cultivated in Britain in the days 

 of Gerarde 845, but has since become naturalized and is called sow bread (Engl. bot. pi. 548, Pers., 

 Wats. A. Dec, and LindL). According to Smith, and Burnett, " a very acrid plant " that " has been 

 used medicinally, its action being that of a drastic purgative " (Lindl.). 



Calainagroslis calamagrostis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The KAAAMOC 

 around a temple in the city of Neileus according to Theocritus xxviii. 3, — or "£tSros phragmites " 

 slender and whitish according to Dioscorides i. 114, may be compared: C. calamagrostis was 

 observed by Sibthorp not infrequent by the road-side between Smyrna and Bursa; and by Forskal 

 p. 24, abounding in the Ghobeibe marsh in the Sinai peninsula. Westward, the "calamus qui circa 

 sepes " is mentioned by Pliny: C. calamagrostis is termed " gramen paniculatum arundinaceum 

 panicula densa " by Tournefort inst. 523 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as 

 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 280, Engl. bot. pi. 403, and Pers.). 



