382 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Pandanus sessilis of Equatorial East Africa. A bush, growing on the mainland and on Zanzibar 

 and Pemba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 



Phoenix Equinoxiahs of Equatorial East Africa. A palm of the stature of a bush, growing in 

 the extensive forests on Pemba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 



Cos/us sarmentosus of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on Zanzibar. — Carried 

 to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 



Sanseviera cylindrica of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing on Zanzibar. — Carried to 

 the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj). 



Dioscorea toxicaria of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on Mombas island, 

 the tubers along the stem poisonous, if cooked and eaten inducing vomiting. — Carried to the Mau- 

 ritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 



As early possibly as this date, the poet Bion removing from Smyrna to Sicily. — His death is 

 mentioned by Moschus 3, who styles himself a pupil. 



Adonis autumnalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rose-parsley 

 (Ainsw), in Italy " camomilla di nor rosso" or " adonide " or "fior d' atone" (Lenz), in which we 

 recognize the "adonium" of Ovid and ANEMQNAN that sprung from the tears of Venus on the 

 death of Adonis according to Bion i. 66, — from the blood of Adonis according to Nicander, and 

 Ovid met x. 503: the "m£lan," one of the two kinds of " anSm6nas " distinguished by Cratevas 

 (schol. Theocr. v. 92), may also be compared : A. autumnalis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 

 in waste and cultivated ground in Southern Greece and called " mSrohorton ; " by Reuter and Mar- 

 got, in wild situations on Zante. Westward, the "adonium" is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 34 as sown 

 or occurring in cultivated ground in Italy ; A. autumnalis is described by Gerarde ; is termed "ranun- 

 culus arvensis foliis chamaemeli flore minore atrorubente " by Tournefort inst. 291 ; is known to occur 

 in Italy and in grain-fields throughout middle Europe (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz); in Britain, is 

 regarded by Watson and others as exotic. 



One hundred and twenty-first generation. Mav 1st, 267, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets, 

 Heracleitus of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius Iambus; the comic poets, Machon, and Apollodorus of 

 Carystus ; the philosophers, Lycon, Lacydes, Hermachus, Menippus of Gadara, Meleager.of Gadara, 

 Cleanthes, Lysimachus, and Hieronymus of Rhodes ; the historians, Philostephanus of Cyrene, Ister, 

 Neanthes of Cyzicum, and Nymphis of Heraclea; the grammarians, Lysanias of Cyrene, Sosibius 

 of Laconia, and Euphorion of Chalcis ; other writers, Timosthenes, Philon of Heracleia, Apollonius 

 son of Sotades, and Euphantus of Olynthus ; the architect Sostratus of Cnidus ; the painters, Meco- 

 phanes, Artemon, Clessides, and Theodorus (Bryan). 



"264B. C." (Polyb., and Clint.), war first carried beyond the limits of Italy by the Romans: 

 who now enter Sicily, inaugurating war with the Carthaginians ; called the "First Punic" war, — 

 and continuing "twenty-four" years. 



"The same year" (Liv. ep. 16, Val. Max. ii. 4. 7, and Clint.), gladiatorial combats instituted 

 by D. Junius Brutus. — Whose name seems perpetuated in the changed meaning of the word " brutal " 

 in English. 



"26t B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), Antiochus Soter slain \jn battle against the Gauls ; and succeeded 

 by Antiochus II. Theus, third Greek king of Syria. Antiochus II. married Berenice, daughter of 

 Ptolemy II. of Egypt. 



"In this year" (Lalande, Delambre, and Humb. cosm. iv.), observation on the planet Mercury; 

 the first — of fourteen, partly belonging to the Chaldeans, employed by Claudius Ptolemy. 



"260 B. C." (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), the Carthaginians defeated in naval combat by the first 

 fleet built by the Romans ; commanded by Duilius. 



"In or about this year" (Sm. b. d.), Zenodotus succeeded by Callimachus as chief librarian of 

 the Alexandrian library. 



Trifoliuin fragijcrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain straw- 

 berry-clover (Prior), in Germany " erdbeerklee " (Grieb) : and the running Q K Ye O N ;TPinE 

 THAON of Callimachus, — may be compared : T. fragiferum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 

 abounding from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Caria and mount Athos; by 

 Griesebach p. 34 along the seashore of Macedonia. Westward, is termed "t. fragiferum frisicum folio 

 cordato flore rubro " by Tournefort inst. 406 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known 

 to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1042, and Pers.). 



Cynara horrida of the Mediterranean countries. A species of wild artichoke ; and the thorny 

 K YN A P A, pubescent according to Callimachus around the Areaniticum sea, growing also in Khorasan 

 and as far as the Indus — (Ruel iii. 14), may be compared : C. horridum is described by Aiton iii. 14S, 

 the leaves " subtus tomentosis ; " was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily, and apparently also on Crete 

 and Naxos (J. E. Smith), by Dasnzer, near Navarino in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 



In this year (= 28S — " 28 years reign " in the Mahavamsa v., Avadana asok., and Buns. iv. 7. 



