OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 387 



" sandal " is said by Serapion to come from China ; " sendal " or " sandoint " was seen by Marco 

 Polo 157 and 170 in both " Melibar " and China; "sandal-wood imported from Hindustan" was 

 found by Mason v. p. 500 " constantly for sale in the bazars " of Burmah, " being a favourite cosmetic 

 with " maidens ; S. myrtifolium is mentioned also by Loureiro cochinch. i. p. 87, and is known to 

 grow as far as the island of Timor (Marsd. sum. p. 129, and Lindl.). Westward, was observed by 

 myself in gardens at Bombay, as well as in Egypt, where it is enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently 

 introduced. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, and was observed there 

 under cultivation by Bojer.* 



* Nymphaa rubra of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The red water-lily is called in Telinga 

 "yerra kulwa," in Hindustanee " rukhta-chunduna,'' in Bengalee " buro-rukto-kumbal " (Drur.), in 

 the environs of Bombay " kummul " (Graham), in Burmah " kya-nee " (Mason) ; and the " autumn 

 lotus " of the Dhammapada 285 — may be compared : a tank glowing with water-lilies like the dawn 

 with the fiery beams of the rising sun, is mentioned in the Mrichchhakati (transl. H. H. Wils.) : the 

 " padma " of the Hitopadesa, and Vetala panchavinsati 1., may also be compared: N. rubra was 

 observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, "in tanks particularly in the neighbourhood of 

 caves or temples," its flowers "of a dark crimson colour, very beautiful," appearing "about the close 

 of the rains ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Tanjore and Bengal, 

 its capsules seeds and roots eaten by the natives, a kind of arrowroot prepared also from the roots 

 and underground stems (Drur.); by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 



Sinapis dichotoma of Northeastern Hindustan. A species of mustard called in Hindustanee 

 "sarsori" (Pidd.), in Assam "sarsu" (Robinson) ; and "mustard seed" is mentioned in the Dham- 

 mapada 40 1 to 407 : — the " sarshapa " or " kshava " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas, prescribed as 

 an external application (Susrut. chik. 5), is referred here by Hessler : S. dichotoma is described by 

 Roxburgh (Steud.), and is one of the kinds enumerated by Drury as extensively cultivated in India 

 " for the oil yielded by the seeds, as well as for dietetical purposes." (See S. juncea.) 



Sinapis ramosa of Hindustan. Annual ; and from early times, extensively cultivated for dieteti- 

 cal purposes, the oil from its seeds used also medicinally : — observed by Roxburgh (Steud., madr. 

 exh. rep., and Drur.). 



Sinapis glauca of Hindustan. Also from early times cultivated for dietetical purposes and the 

 oil from its seeds — (Steud., madr. exh. rep., and Drur.). 



Tabernoemontana coronaria of Tropical Eastern Asia. A flowering Apocynous shrub called in 

 Sanscrit "tugura," in Hindustanee and Bengalee "tugura" (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay 

 " tuggai " (Graham) ; and the fragrant " tagara " of the Dhammapada 54 to 56 — may be compared : 

 the " tagara " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 15 to kalp. 5, is referred here by Hessler: T. coronaria 

 was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 54 in Malabar ; by Graham, at Bombay, very common " in gardens," 

 the " flowers generally double ; " by Roxburgh, and Ainslie, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Bur- 

 mann pi. 59, on Ceylon; by Mason v. 412 to 799, "exotic" in Burmah, cultivated and its "large blue- 

 white double flowers " worn in garlands, the original single-flowered kind comparatively rare. 



Justicia (Adhatoda) vasica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tall shrub called in Sanscrit 

 " vasika " or " vasooka " or " singhee " or " singhashya " or " uturoosha " or " vajiduntuka," in Ben- 

 galee "bakus" (J. F. Wats.) or "arusa," in Tamil "adatodai," in Telinga " adasaram " (Drur.), in 

 the environs of Bombay " adulsa " or " bakus " or " vasooka " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the 

 fragrant " vassika " shedding its withered flowers of the Dhammapada 55 to 377, — also the "vasika" 

 or " sinhi " or " sinhasya " or " atarusha " or " vajidanta " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 

 37 • A vasica was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, "common as a hedge plant about 

 villages ■ " by Stewart, in the Punjaub ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wallich, as far as Bengal and 

 Nepaul 'the leaves flowers and root employed medicinally (Drur.) ; by Hermann lugd. pi. 643, and 

 fl Zeyl' 16 on Ceylon ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Transported to Europe, 

 is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 173 i and from Europe was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 continues in greenhouses. . . , 



Andropoeon muricatus of Tropical Hindustan. The cuscus grass is called in Sanscrit virana or 

 " viritara" (W Jones), in Tamil "viranam " or " vetti-ver " or " vizhal-ver," in Telinga " vatti-veru " 

 or "ouru-veru " in Bengalee " shandaler-jar " or " bala," in Hindustanee " balah " (Drur.) ; in which 

 we recognize the sweet-scented " usira " root of the " birana " grass, mentioned in the Dhammapada 

 3-7-— the "asmantaca" of the Institutes of Manu ii. 43, supplying in case of need a cincture for 

 Brahmans is referred here by Deslongchamps : roots were brought by Gautami to her pupil Sakuntala 

 (W Tones' as res viii. 306) : the "usira" is mentioned also by D'hanvantan (Susrut. sarir. 111. 2), 

 and Kalidasa- A. muricatus was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay; by Ainslie, Retz, 

 W Jones and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bengal, its roots interwoven in screens 



