390 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Inga mellifera of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " dhoba " or " dobb " or " smurr " (Forsk.) ; 

 and probably included in the MeAITOYPTei A plants suitable for bees abounding according to Era- 

 tosthenes at the Southern extreme of Arabia — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) : clearly the " akanthos " with fra- 

 grant flowers yielding the " aiguption muron " mentioned by Galen voc. hipp. 414 (compare A. 

 myrrhifera) : I. mellifera is termed " mimosa unguis cati " by Forskal p. 176; was observed by him 

 , in moist places in Yemen, the flowers yielding to bees white honey in abundance, the wood supplying 

 fuel, and the masticated leaves applied to the eyes of bullocks to remove cloudiness. 



Dobera glabra of Tropical Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen "dober" (Forsk.); and its 

 fruit probably included among the 6YKAPniA abounding according to Eratosthenes in the Southern 

 extreme of Arabia — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2.) : D. glabra was observed by Forskal p. 32 frequent along the 

 base of the mountains of Yemen, the fruit eaten. 



Asclepias spiralis of Tropical Arabia. A shrub, not lactescent, and called in Yemen " schuntob '' 

 (Forsk.); and its follicles included perhaps in the "Jukarpia" of the Southern extreme of Arabia, 

 mentioned by Eratosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2): A. spiralis was observed by Forskal p. 49 not far from 

 Lohaia growing on the Desert plain, its follicles eaten, and the seeds sweet and relieving colic. 



Stapelia? variegata of Tropical Arabia. A leafless sarmentose plant called in Yemen "draet el 

 kelbe " (Forsk.) ; and its follicles probably among the " eukarpia " of the Southern extreme of Arabia 

 mentioned by Eratosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) : S. variegata was observed by Forskal p. xciii to 51 

 along the base of the mountains of Yemen, the follicles eaten crude. 



Oncoba spinosa of Tropical Africa and Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen " onkob" (Forsk.); 

 and its berries possibly among the " Sukarpia " of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Era- 

 tosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) : O. spinosa was observed by Forskal p. 103 among the mountains of 

 Yemen, the fruit eaten by boys. Westward, is known to grow as far as Senegal (Juss , and Pers.). 



Mirrrta crassifolia of Tropical Arabia. An arborescent shrub called in Yemen "msru" (Forsk.); 

 and its fruit possibly among the " Sukarpia " of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Era- 

 tosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2): M. crassifolia was observed by Forskal p. 104 in arid situations 

 throughout Yemen, its fruit eaten by boys. 



7 uria moghadd of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " moghadd " (Forsk ) ; and its fruit prob- 

 ably among the "Oukarpia" of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Eratosthenes — 

 (Strab. xvi. 4. 2): T. moghadd was observed by Forskal p. 166 along the base of the mountains of 

 Yemen, the fruit eaten. 



Fiais Forskali of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "babies" (Forsk.); and its figs probably 

 among the "Oukarpia" of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Eratosthenes — (Strab. 

 xvi. 4. 2) : F. Forskali was observed by Forskal p. 179 on the mountains of Yemen, its fruit not 

 agreeable but eaten. 



"224 B. C." (Blair), the Romans pursuing the Gauls, first cross the Po. 



"223 B. C." (Clint, hi. p. 346), Seleucus III. succeeded by Antiochus III. Magnus, sixth Greek 

 king of Syria. 



Hardly later than this date (Sm. b. d.), the inventions of Heron of Alexandria, a pupil of Ctesi- 

 bius. Applications of steam to mechanical purposes are described by Heron. 



A nacyclus pyrethrum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain "pelitre," and hence 

 in English pellitory of Spain (Prior); the n Y P€6 PO N of Iolas — (schol. Nic. ther. 683), Andreas, 

 Antipater (Gal. comp. med. gen. vii. 7), Nicander ther. 93S, l'aulus Aegineta, an herb according to 

 Dioscorides having leaves like those of " thaukos agrios " and its root fiery to the taste, is referred 

 here by writers : A. pyrethrum was observed by Fraas near duellings and in wooded mountain- 

 ravines in Southern Greece. Farther South, the "purfithron" or "thoruknion" or "purithron" 

 or "puroton" or "purinon" or " arnos purites " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the "purites" 

 of the prophets ; " pyrethrum " root is enumerated by Alpinus as used medicinally in Egypt, imported 

 according to Forskal mat. med. "from Barbary ; " but according to Lindley A. pyrethrum occurs 

 also in Syria and Arabia. Westward, the " purethron " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the 

 "sali vans" of the Romans; the "pyrethrum" is mentioned by Celsus, Scribonius Largus 9, Pliny 

 xxviii. 42, Serenus Sammonicus, and as exotic by Macer Floridus ; A. pyrethrum is described by 

 Fuchsius p. 641, Tragus p. 173, Dodoens p. 347 (Spreng.), and Gerarde p. 758; and was observed 

 by Shaw spec. n. 13S, and Desfontaines ii. 287, wild in Barbary. The root according to Persoon 

 induces salivation; and according to Lindley is "a powerful rubefacient and stimulant," and "is 

 imported from the Levant." 



" 222 B. C." (Polyb., and Clint.), the Gauls defeated by Marcellus, and their leader Viridomar slain. 



" In this year " (geogr. Chin., and Klapr.), the small kingdom of Van, in the north of the Chinese 



province of Tchy-li overthrown, the last king Lou-wan seeking refuge among the Hiouno--nou. At 



this time a man of Yan named Wei-man proceeding to Corea obtained possession of the government ; 



dethroning Ki-tsum, the last of the Chinese dynasty. 



