OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 391 



"November" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 384 and 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy III. succeeded by 

 Ptolemy IV. Philopator. — Who put to death his mother Berenice, his wife and sister Arsinoe, his 

 brother Magas, and his uncle Lysimachus. 



The hieroglyphic ovals of king Ptolemy IV. occur on buildings at Esneh and Karnak ; on res- 

 torations at Luxor ; and on the small temple to Athyr on the Western hill-slope at Thebes. He also 

 built the temple at Akhmin, continued the one at Dakkeh in Nubia, and founded the great temple 

 at Edfu. 



Among the Pali inscriptions by king Asoka on columns at Delhi and along the Ganges, and 

 on rocks in Guzerat and Cattac, one edict relates to establishing charitable institutions beyond his 

 own territory "within the dominions of Antiochus the Greek (Antioko Yona), of which Antiochus's 

 generals are the rulers : " and a subsequent edict contains " and the Greek king besides, by whom 

 the Chapta (?) kings Turamayo, Gongakena, and Maga" (two of these names being Ptolemaios and 

 Magas, according to Prinsep). 



Hardly earlier than this year (Bunsen iv. 7. 2 giving 260 — " 37 yrs." = 223), Asoka succeeded 

 by his son Suyasas, now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges — (Bhagavata purana, Vichnu purana, 

 and Burnouf ii. 778). 



"221 B. C. = 26th year of Chi-hoang-ti, of the Thsin" or Sixth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 

 By Chi-hoang-ti, the year was made to commence with the conjunction of the sun and moon in 

 Sagittarius, or two months earlier than under the Tcheou (Pauth.). 



"In the 27th year of Ptolemy III." (Samuel Aniens.), "ziunacanos " that "preserved snow in 

 summer" (ice-houses) constructed in Armenia by Arsaces. 



"As far back as the 3d century B. C. " (Klapr. mem. i. 411), commencement of Georgian his- 

 tory. — Among several historical works, the most esteemed was procured by Vakhtang V. from the 

 archives of the convent of Mzkheta and Ghelathi at the beginning of the Eighteenth century. 



Archimedes (Strab. i. 3. n) observing that fluids in solidifying tend to assume the spherical form, 

 concluded, That it was so with the Earth. 



"220 B. C." (Strab., and Schlegel journ. asiat. 1828), Theodotus II. succeeded by Euthydemus 

 of Magnesia, third Greek king of Bactria. 



" In this year " (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Rekkhan succeeded by his son Khanloung, now 

 Burmese king. — Who reigned "thirty-eight" years. 



"The same year" (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), in Greece, commencement of the Social war, 

 between the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues ; Philip IV. of Macedonia joining the Achaeans. 



"The same year" (Clint, ii p. 269, and iii. p. 382), Cleomenes III. of Sparta seeking refuge 

 in Egypt, put to death by Ptolemy IV. He is regarded as the last Spartan king in the Agid line 

 (Pausan.). 



A Greek inscription of about this date (Franz. 80) found on Corcyra, presenting the following 

 form of the letter TT. 



"218 B. C." (Polyb., Bhir, and Clint.), from Spain, a Carthaginian army led by Hannibal 

 through France and over the Alps into Italy : in this unexpected manner- commencing the Second 

 Punic war. An account of the journey is given by L Cincius Alimentus ; who was himself taken 

 prisoner, derived many particulars from Hannibal's own lips, and principally wrote in Greek. 



"The same year" (Polyb., and Clint, iii. p. 315 and 384), commencement of war for the pos- 

 session of Palestine, between Antiochus III. and Ptolemy IV. — The war continued a year. 



Not later than this date (C. Aurel., and Sra. b. d.), the treatise on KYNOAYCCOC hydrophobia 

 by Andreas. 



Helminthia echioides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A Lactucoid herb called 

 in Britain oxtongue (Prior), in Greece " heirovotani " (Sibth ) or " agrios sohos " (Fraas), in Egypt 

 "libbajjn" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "vouglSsson mega" identified through Syn. Diosc. 

 with the K I PCI ON named from and prescribed against varices by Andreas, — two cubits high 

 according to Dioscorides, with "v5ugl6ss6 "-like leaves spinescent around, and heads of purple- 

 tipped flowers changing into pappus, referred here by Ruel iii. 126: H. echioides was observed by 

 Forskal in Egypt ; by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Athens to Smyrna and Constantinople, its 

 leaves eaten crude as well as cooked. Westward, the "kirsion" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the " spina mollis " of the Romans ; and the account of the " cirsion " having " spinae molles " by 

 Pliny xxvii. 39, seems taken from Dioscorides : H. echioides is described also by Lobel pi. 557 ; is 

 termed " hierac'ium echioides capitulis cardui benedicti " by Tournefort inst. 470 ; was observed by 

 Forskal on Malta; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 

 (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 51, and Pers.). 



Aloe Socoirina of Socotra and the countries around. The imported drug is called in English 

 aloes in Bengalee " musabbar," in Hindustanee "musabbar" or "elwa" (D'roz., and Royle), in 

 which we recognize the AAOHC: INAIKHCof Andreas — (Gal. comp. med. gen. vii. 7), "aloe" 



