OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 393 



phi. His last name Pictor, came from his paintings in the temple to Health (Bryan diet, paint.). He 

 wrote in both Greek and Latin. 



"215 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), the envoys of Philippus V. of Macedonia, on their way to Hanni- 

 bal, captured by the Romans. 



As early probably as this date, Moschus of Syracuse composing poetry. He was acquainted 

 with Aristarchus — (Suid.). 



Crocus luteus of the East Mediterranean countries. The ZAN60IO: KPOKOY of Moschus 

 ii. 68 — may be compared: C. luteus is termed "c. vernus Meesiacus primus" by Clusius pannon. 

 228 ; and was observed by Sibthorp near Sestus on the Hellespont. Transported to Britain, is de- 

 scribed by Miller, and in a single park continues growing spontaneously (A. Dec). 



"214 B. C. (= 33d year of Chi-hoang-ti," Amyot, and Pauth. p. 222), the Great wall along the 

 Northern frontier of China commenced. — It was finished in "ten years." 



"213 B. C. (= 34th year of Chi-hoang-ti," Pauth. p. 221 to 227), a comet; and the decree order- 

 ing the destruction of books throughout the Chinese empire. At the same time, the minister Li-sse 

 caused the different kinds of alphabetic character* to be reduced to a single kind, called " li-chou ; " 

 — the same that continues to be employed in Chinese writing. 



" 212 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), during the capture of Syracuse by the Romans under Marcellus, 

 Archimedes at the age of " seventy-five " slain. The first paintings and statues brought to Rome, 

 were from the spoils of Syracuse. 



"209 B. C. = 1st year of Eulh-chi-hoang-ti, of the Thsin " or Sixth dynasty— (Chinese chron. 

 table). 



" The same year (= 453 years after Synmu," Kaempf. i. 6), death of Sinosikwo in the " fiftieth " 

 year of his age ; and arrival in Japan of a colony of Chinese led by a physician. 



"The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), Tarentum recovered by the Romans under Q. Fabius. 



Polygonum aviculare of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain knot-grass or swine's 

 grass, by Treveris grete herbal " swynel grass" (Prior), in France " renoue'e " (Nugent), in Germany 

 "knbterich" (Grieb) : the nOAYTONOY prescribed by Heraclides Tarentinus against blood flow- 

 ing from the ear — (Galen comp. med. loc. iii. 1), mentioned also by Nicander ther. 901, Magnus of 

 Philadelphia, and Charixenes, or the "polugonon arr£n" described by Dioscorides as having numer- 

 ous slender branches, jointed, creeping on the ground like grass, with fruit at each leaf, is referred 

 here by writers : P. aviculare was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, everywhere in 

 Greece and' on the Greek islands. Farther South, the "polugonon arr£n " is identified in the Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "thfiphin" or "mSmphin" of the Egyptians: P aviculare was observed by Hassel- 

 quist in Palestine ; by Delile, around Alexandria in Egypt ; and was received from Abyssinia by 

 Richard. Westward, the " erakl£ian " or "hiliophullon" or "polugonon arrSn " is identified in the 

 Syn. Diosc. with the "houloum" of the Numidians, and "pr6s£rpinaka " or "saggouinalis " of the 

 Romans ; the "herba sanguinalis " is mentioned by Celsus ii. 33, and Columella vi. 12 and vii. 5 ; 

 the "polygonum," by Scribonius Largus 46, and is identified by Pliny xxvii. 91 with the " calligo- 

 num " or " sanguinaria ; " P. aviculare is described by Fuchsius 614, Lobel, and Tabernaemontanus, 

 is known to grow in waste places and along roadsides throughout Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., 

 and Wats.). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow in Nepal and throughout Northern Asia 

 (Wats., and A. Dec), was observed by Thunberg on the seashore and elsewhere in Japan ; and far- 

 ther East, was observed by myself around Chinook villages on the American shore, clearly aborigi- 

 nally introduced. By European colonists, was carried to Iceland and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.), 

 to New England prior to 1670 (according to Josselyn), but has since multiplied throughout Northeast 

 America, especially around dwellings and in places that have been trampled on ; and to Southeast 

 and Southwest Australia, where it has become naturalized (Corder, Drumm., and A. Dec). Accord- 

 ing to Lindley, the "fruit said to be emetic and cathartic." 



Polygonum maritimum of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic : possibly a 

 distinct species, the stems harder, more or less ascending, and leaves somewhat glaucous. — The 

 "karkinethron" or " pethalion " of the Syn. Diosc. may be compared: P. maritimum called " ar- 

 gentina " was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the maritime sands of Cyprus, Crete, 

 and Greece to the sea of Marmora. Farther South, was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean 

 border of E°-ypt near Alexandria ; by myself, on the sea-beach there, the same in every respect as on 

 the sea-beaches of our Middle States ; is known to grow at intervening stations, as on the Atlantic 

 shore of Europe, Madeira, the Canaries and Azores (Barrel, pi. 560, Pers., Webb, Wats., and A. 

 Dec). In the Southern Hemisphere, observed by J. D. Hooker fl. Ant. ii. p. 340 in Patagonia and 



Southern Chili. . 



Berberis Cretica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "mmlkuma" (Sibth.) 

 or " mulkini " or " oxuakantha " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the A Y K I N of Heraclides Taren- 

 tinus, — Celsus v. 28, Scribonius Largus, the juice of a plant growing according to Dioscorides in 



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