394 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



broken ground in Lycia Cappadocia and many other districts, its branches three cubits long crowded 

 with leaves like those of box, and referred here by Honorius Beltus, and Alpinus exot. pi. 20 : the 

 "lukion"is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " puxakanthan ; " is mentioned also by Galen corap. 

 med. iii. 2, Oribasius, and Paulus Aegineta; by Pliny xii. 15 as a " spina " growing on mount Pelion. 

 and by some among the Greeks called " pyxacanthum chironium : " B. Cretica is described by Bauhin 

 hist i. 60; is termed " b. cretica buxi folio" by Tournefort cor. 42; and was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas, from the mountains of Crete and Southern Greece to Cyprus. 



"207 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal, defeated by the Romans. 



"206 B. C. = 1st year of Tsou-pa-wang " (Chinese chron. table) : an usurper as shown by title, 

 his real name being Hiang-yu. Coins issued during his reign are extant (Pauth.). 



'•The same year" (Gaubil note to Chou-king ii. 1. 44) is regarded as the beginning of the Han 

 dynasty ; and maps and geographical lists of places (specially excepted by Chi-hoang-ti in his decree 

 for burning the books) were now carefully collected. 



'' In this year" (Gildem. p. 28), expedition of Antiochus III. against India. 



" In this year ( = L. Veturius and Q. Caecilius Metellus consuls," Sm. b. d.), the poet Naevius 

 imprisoned for a disparaging verse on the Metelli, the laws of the Twelve Tables punishing libel with 

 death. His imprisonment is alluded to by Plautus mil. glor. ii. 2. 56. 



The Tl PPV LA of Plautus, — so light as to run on the top of the water according to Varro, and a 

 diminutive animal with six feet according to Pompeius Festus (Paul. Diac), is clearly the insect tribe 

 of G err is. 



Hypericum perforatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain St John's 

 wort (V nor), in Germany "hartheu " (Fraas), in France '• millepertuis " (Xugent), in Italy " perforata " 

 or " iperico " (Lenz), in Greece " leihenohorton " or " valsamon " (Sibth.) or " valsamaki " (Fraas), 

 in which we recognize the HYPER ICON of Plautus, — a cubit high according to Pliny xxvi. 53, 

 strong-scented, and ripening seed at the same time with barley : the " herba sancti ioannis herba per- 

 forata" is mentioned by Symon Januensis sinon. : H. perforatum is described by Arnoldus de Villa- 

 nova (Pouchet), Valerius Cordus, and Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed "h. vulgare " by Tournefort 

 inst. 254 ; is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Smith) ; accord- 

 ing to Prior, " gathered on the eve of St. John's day, the 21st June," as "a preservative against 

 thunder and evil spirits, whence it was called ' fuga daemonum,' and given internally against mania." 

 Farther East, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, throughout Greece and the Greek 

 islands ; is possibly included among the imported " Hypericum leaves and flowers " found by Alpinus, 

 and Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egvpt (see H. crispum) ; but seems altogether 

 unknown in Eastern Asia (Ledeb., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it has become naturalized in open and sometimes wild situations. Its leaves accord- 

 ing to Lindley are " astringent, an infusion has been used in gargles and lotions." 



Cinnamomum iners of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. The wild cinnamon is 

 called in Hindustanee "darchini," in Malabar " kat-carua," in Canara " cuddoo-lavang.i (Drur.), in 

 the environs of Bombay " ohez " or " bojevar " (Graham), in Burmah " theet-kyam-boo " (Mason), 

 and the exported dried leaves "folia malabathri " (Lindl.) ; in which we recognize the PETALION of 

 Plautus curcul., — " malabathrum " of Horace, Ovid, Celsus, Pliny xii. 59, Isidorus (Stapel, and 

 Ainsw.), and " folium" of Apicius : the " malavathron " growing in India, is mentioned by Andro- 

 machus, Dioscorides, Claudius Ptolemy, and Paulus Aegineta ; the " phullon malavathrou " or 

 phullon inthikon," by Nicolaus Myrepsus xxxiv. 22 ; the " sadsadsch," by Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar; 

 aromatic ''folio indico " is enumerated by Van Ghistele (Yoyag. Belg. ) among the ingredients of the 

 Egyptian teriacle ; and " sadedj hendi " or "malabathrum fol." imported from Hindustan, was seen 

 in Egypt by Forskal. Southward and Eastward, the "kinnamomon used for firewood among the 

 Sabaeans according to Agatharchides 101, and Artemidorus (Strab. xvi. 4. 19), may be compared; 

 also the "xulokinnamfimon " and importations into Mosul, mentioned by Dioscorides i. 12 to 13, and 

 Pliny vi. 34: C. iners was observed by Rheede i. pi. 75 in Malabar; by Graham, along the "Ghauts, 

 and in the hilly parts of the Concans," its bruised leaves having "a strong spicy smell," its bark put 

 in curries "as a spice," but "billets from the tree are often sold together with other kinds of fire- 

 wood ; " by Buchanan, Roxburgh hort. calc. 30, Wallich, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore, 

 its inner bark " capable of affording cassia li^nea of good quality," and its dried buds used medici- 

 nally ; according to Ainslie, Royle, and Lindley, its dried leaves constitute the principal part of the 

 folia malabathri of 'commerce. Farther East, was observed by Mason wild in Burmah; by Blume 

 rumph. xxxv. pi. 15, as far as Java. (See C. tamala). 



Laurus sp. of the Canary Islands. The aromatic bark M A C I S of Plautus, — " maceris " of the 

 antidote of Antipater (Scrib. Larg. 167), " makSr " brought according to Dioscorides from " varvarou," 

 yellowish, thick, astringent, and taken in potion against dysentery diarrhoea and spitting blood, is 

 referred by Alpinus to the " selica seuda " bark imported from Barbary into Egypt and confounded 



