OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 395 



with the spice cassia : one or more species of Laurus are known to grow, if not on the Atlas mountains 

 on the neighbouring Canary Islands. The "macir" is mentioned also by Pliny xii. 16, Galen fac. 

 simpl. vii. p. 66, and Paulus Aegineta, but is attributed to India. 



Tussilago petasites of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain butterbur 

 (How, Skinner, W. Coles, and Prior), in Italy " petasite " or "tussilagine maggiore " (Lenz), in 

 Greece " kollopanna ; " and the FOLIA-FARFERI of Plautus poen. ii. 1.32, — " f arfarum " or " far- 

 fugium" or " chamaeleucen '' of Pliny xxiv. 85 is referred here by Billerbeck : T. petasites is termed 

 '• petasites major et vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 451, and is known to grow in Italy and throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Denmark, flowering in the early spring (fl. Dan. pi. 842, and Pers.). Eastward, 

 the " pStasitSs " is described by Dioscorides as a sprout thick as the thumb and more than a cubit 

 high, bearing a large leaf like a broad-rimmed hat : T. petasites was observed by Sibthorp along 

 shaded rills in Greece and on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. 



Festuca ovina of Subarctic Climates. A grass called in Britain fescue (Prior), and the F E S T V C A 

 of Plautus, laid by the praetor on the head of a slave in freeing him, — may be compared (referred by 

 Fe'e to "f. rubra ") : F. ovina is termed " gramen loliaceum minus capillaceo folio spica briza? lon- 

 gissima " by Tournefort inst. 517 ; is known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Pers., Engl, 

 bot. pi. 585, and Wats.) ; was observed by Brotero in Northern Portugal ; by Scopoli, and Pollich, 

 in Northern Italy and Carniolia; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the loftier mountains of 

 Greece ; is known to grow also on the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb., and Kunth). West- 

 ward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland; by Sabine, in Greenland; and is known to grow from 

 Lat. 65 at Bear Lake to the Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg (Hook.), and Lake Superior (A. Gray), 

 also to the Pacific at Nootka Sound (Kunth). The viviparous variety is known to grow "on the 

 alpine summits of the White mountains " of New England (A. Gray), on Iceland, the mountains of 

 Britain and middle Europe (Ray syn. pi. 22, Engl. bot. pi. 1355, and Pers.), and on the mountains of 

 the Peloponnesus. " F. amethystina " of Linnaeus, observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, is 

 regarded by him, together with " F. rubra," Linn., as perhaps not distinct from F. ovina. 



Festuca duriuscula of Northern Climates. Notwithstanding the flat leaves often confounded 

 with the preceding, and probably included in the "festuca" of the Romans : — termed "gramen pra- 

 tense panicula duriore laxa unam praecipue partem spectante " by Tournefort inst. 522 ; known to 

 grow from Lapland and Russia to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 700, Pers., and Wats.) ; observed 

 by Ray pi. 19 in Britain; by Lamarck, in France ; by Host, in Austria; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 in dry situations in the Peloponnesus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; by myself, to all appear- 

 ance indigenous on the coast cliffs of Eastern New England, and by Nuttall as far as the seashore of 

 New Jersey; but occurs also in fallow ground, perhaps introduced among grass seed : was observed 

 by Short in Kentucky; by Chapman, "around dwellings, Florida and northward, introduced." 



"The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), a Roman army led into Africa by P. C. Scipio ; and a 

 treaty negociated by him with Syphax. 



" 205, November " (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 339), in Egypt, Ptolemy IV. succeeded by Ptolemy V. 

 Epiphanes ; now about " five " years old — (Justin, and Hieron.). Hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy V. 

 occur on the temple at Ombos, founded by him ; and during his reign, a large amount of building was 

 accomplished, especially at Thebes, Esneh, Edfu, and Philae. At the last named place, his name 

 occurs in a Greek inscription, dedicating the small temple to Aesculapius. 

 "203 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), departure of Hannibal from Italy. 



As early perhaps as this dale (Vishnu purana, and Burnouf ii. 778), Suyasas succeeded by his son 

 Dasaratha, now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges. His name occurs at Budha Gaya, in an 

 inscription dedicating a Budhist cave-temple immediately after his accession — (Prinse;\ and 

 Burn.). 



'■ 202, Oct. 19th "(Blair), partial eclipse of the sun. And shortly afterwards, Hannibal defeated 

 at Zama in Africa by P. C. Scipio — (from this time called " Africanus "). 



"The same y ear = 5th year of Tai-tsou-kao-hoang-ti ; " now, "in the twelfth month," head 

 of the new dynasty of the Han (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 234). His original name is given as 

 Lieou-pang, and he is also called Kao-tsou. He is blamed for giving in marriage a princess of the 

 imperial family to the chief of the Hioung-nou Tartars : the first instance in Chinese history of an 

 alliance with barbarians. 



" In the reign of Tai-tsou-kao-hoang-ti " (Pauth.), and under the superintendence of his gen- 

 eral Chang-liang, a road partly on pillars constructed at great expense among the mountains of 



Chensi. 



"201 B. C. " (Blair), end of the Second Punic war, in peace on ignominious terms granted to 



the Carthaginians. . 



One hundred and twenty-third generation. Jan. 1st, 200, mostly beyond youth : the Jewish his- 

 torian Demetrius (Clint, i. p. 288) ; the Greek poets Seleucus, and Moschus ; the philosophers, 



