OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



397 



" 192 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), by Philopoemen, Sparta joined to the Achaean League. 



"The same year" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), marriage of Ptolemy V., with Cleopatra 

 daughter of Antiochus III. of Syria. 



•' 190 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), eclipse of the sun. And at " Magnesia in Lydia," Antiochus III. 

 defeated by L. C. Scipio ; commanding the first Roman army led into Asia. 



" 189 B. C. (the plebeian M. Fulvius Nobilior and Cn. Manlius Vulso consuls," Cic. tusc. I. 2, 

 and Sm. b. d.), Fulvius Nobilior, having " obtained Aetolia as his province," proceeding thither 

 accompanied by the poet Ennius. 



" 188 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), at Sparta, by Philopoemen again elected Achaean praetor, the 

 Laws of Lycurgus abrogated. 



" 187 B. C. = 1st year of Liu-chi or Kao-hoang-heou-Iiu-chi, of the Han '' or Seventh dynasty 

 (Chinese chron. table) ; the first woman who ruled China— (Pauth. p. 236). 



"The same year" (Polyb., and Clint.), embassies sent by the Achaean League to Rome 

 and Egypt ; and the alliance of Ptolemy V. with the Achaeans renewed. Before the close of 

 the year (Clint, iii. 346), Antiochus III. succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator, seventh Greek king 

 of Syria. 



" 186 B. C. (= 326 — " 140 yrs." of Masudi, Wilford as. res. ix. 181), in Hindustan, end of the 

 dynasty of Phour (Porus who was overcome by Alexander). 



" 184 B. C." (Cic, and Clint.), at Rome, Cato appointed censor. 



Smyrnium perfoliatum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " tragogouli : " the 

 MELANTHII-ACETABVLVM by physicians called SMYRN I VM according to Cato 102, — or the 

 " smyrnion " of Pliny xxvii. 109 (whose account seems in great part taken from Dioscorides), is 

 referred here by writers : S. perfoliatum is described by Morison ix. pi. 4 ; is termed " s. peregrinum 

 rotundo folio " by Tournefort inst. 316; and is known to grow in Hungary, Italy, and Spain (Kitaib., 

 Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the "smurnion" is described by Dioscorides as growing mostly on 

 mount Amanus and called in Cilicia " p£tr6s£linon," its stem " s£lin6 "-like and umbel '■ anethogithgs " 

 with round black seeds tasting like myrrh for which they can be substituted : S. perfoliatum is termed 

 " s. creticum " by Matthioli p. 366 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 

 on mountains from Cyprus to Crete and the Peloponnesus. 



Asparagus officinalis of Western Europe. Called in Britain asparagus or sometimes sparrow- 

 grass (Prior), in Germany "spargel" (Grieb), in France " asperge " (A. Dec), in Italy " sparag- 

 gio " or "asparago" (Lenz), in which we recognize the ASPARAGVS cultivated according to Cato 

 161 and especially succeeding in gardens at Ravenna, — mentioned also by Augustus (Suet. oct. 87), 

 Pliny xix. 42, Palladius iv. 9. 10, and a bundle of the young shoots distinctly figured at Pompeii 

 (Schouw 4) : A. officinalis is described by Blackwell pi. 332, is known to grow wild in Italy and 

 throughout middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz), is besides abundantly cultivated as far as Holland. 

 Eastward, has not been observed in Greece : but "asparagus " is enumerated by Alpinus among" the 

 esculent plants of Egypt, and "asparagus " roots imported "from Europe " are according to Forskal 

 mat. med. employed medicinally. Farther East, was observed by Thunberg under cultivation at 

 Jeddo in Japan, and called " kikak kusi." Possibly by European colonists carried to Hindustan, 

 where it was observed by myself in the botanic garden at Bombay, and by Roxburgh, and Graham, 

 under cultivation, but no native name is given ; and to Burmah, where it is enumerated by Mason as 

 "exotic," and seems devoid of a native name. Clearly by European colonists was carried to North- 

 east America, where it continues under cultivation, and occurs besides in wild situations perhaps 

 fairly naturalized. (See Asparagus tenuifolius). 



Glyceria fluitans of Temperate climates. Called in Britain float-grass or flote-grass (Prior), 

 and the VLVA-OVIVM of Cato 37, — and " agrtfstis potamios " of Dioscorides iv. 30 (?), are 

 referred here by Thiebault de Berneaud (F£e) : the " not grese " is mentioned by Galfridus pr. pm. : 

 G. fluitans is termed "gramen fluviatile" by Gerarde, "gr. paniculatum aquaticum fluitans" by 

 Tournefort inst. 521 ; was observed by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary ; by Lemann, on 

 Madeira (A. Dec.) ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern 

 Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Hook., Fries, and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by 

 Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caspian 

 countries (Bieb.), and on the Ural in Siberia (Ledeb.). Farther East, was observed by Drummond 

 at Cumberland House in Lat. 54 in central North America ; by ' Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by 

 myself, alono- the Atlantic from Lat. 43 ; and is known to grow as far South as the Delaware 

 peninsula (Muhl.) and Upper portion of Carolina (Ell.). In the Southern Hemisphere, is known 

 to grow in Chili (Brogn. 1st voy. Astrol. p. 39), and was observed by R. Brown i. p. 179 in 

 Australia. 



Arundo festucoides of Barbary. The "arundinis italiae '' used chiefly for vines, and directions 

 for planting which are given by Cato, — or the " ampelodesmon " described by Pliny xvi. 67 to xvii. 



