398 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



35- 26 as employed in Sicily for tying vines, is referred here by Cyrillo : A. festucoides is termed 

 "donax tenax " by Beauvois ; was observed by Hogg on Sicily; is known to grow wild in dense 

 "caespite" cane-brakes in hilly situations in Barbary (Desf. pi. 34, and Pers.). 



A vena fatua of Tartary. Called in France "folk avoine " (Fde), in Italy " avena salvatica" 

 (Lenz), in Greece " agriogenema " or "agriosiphonari " or " agriovromo," in which we recognize the 

 AVENA of Cato r. r. xxxvii. 5, — " sterilis avena" and " vana avena" of Virgil eel. v. 35 and georg. 

 i. 77, or the "avena" into which barley is supposed by Pliny xviii. 44 to degenerate : A. fatua was 

 observed by Forskal in Southern France, is known to grow as a weed in grain-fields throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Holland and Britain (Bauh., C. Bauh. pin. 10, Parkins, p. 1149, Pers., and 

 Wats.). Eastward, the "vromos" compared with the "aigi!6pi " by Dioscorides iv. 138 is identified 

 in the added synonyms with the " siphonion " or " akrospelos," and with the " avenam " of the 

 Romans : A. fatua was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grain-fields from 

 Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; is called in Egypt " zommeyr " or "chafur," in which we recog- 

 nize the "khafur" of Ebn Baitar ; and was observed in the cultivated ground of Lower Egypt by 

 Forskal, and Delile. Farther East, is known to grow wild in the Crimea, and probably wild also 

 around Caucasus (Bieb., Ledeb., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg here and there in Japan, 

 growing spontaneously and called "tsusikusa." A. sterilis, regarded by some writers -as not dis- 

 tinct, was also observed in Greece by Sibthorp, and Bory ; and by Delile, growing around Cairo 

 in Egypt. 



" 1S2 B. C." (Liv., Plut., and Clint.), while opposing the measures of T. Quinctius Flamininus, 

 Philopoemen captured and slain. Lycortas was next elected Achaean praetor ; and his son, the 

 historian Polybius, carried the urn at the funeral of Philopoemen. 



In this year (= " 220 — 38 yrs.," Mason 40), Khanloung succeeded by his son .... as Bur- 

 mese king. 



" 181 B. C." (Cass. Hemin., Plin., and Clint.), in Rome, the writings of Numa discovered; and 

 being on '• philosophy," publicly burned. 



"The same year" (Schlegel, Bayer, and Wilson), accession of Eucratides as Greek king of 

 Bactria. He conquered a portion of Hindustan — (Strab. xv. 1. 3), a fact confirmed by the abun- 

 dance of his coins, some of them bearing bilingual inscriptions, Pali and Greek ; he is termed the 

 "Great King" by Artemidorus. 



"October" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy V. succeeded by Ptolemy VI. 

 Philometer. Who married his own sister Cleopatra. The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy VI. 

 occur on temples erected or continued by him at Antaeopolis, Koos, Edfu, Ombos, Philae, and 

 Paremboleh in Nubia. His name occurs also on these temples in Greek inscriptions; and (accord- 

 ing to Champollion-Figeac) he dedicated one or more Egyptian temples to the gods of Greece. 



" 179 B. C. = 1st year of Wen-ti or Hiao-wen-ti, of the Han " or Seventh dynasty (Chinese 

 chron. table) ; the first Chinese emperor, who on the occasion of remarkable phenomena and public 

 calamities demanded to be informed of his faults; and who gave orders for searching out men of 

 merit for public employ (Pauth. p. 236). 



Wen-ti also caused money to be coined outside of the capital, in the provinces : the coins 

 being "all of copper, and round, with a square hole in the centre" for stringing them together 

 (Pauth.). 



"The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), death of Philippus V., and the accession of Perseus, last 

 king of Macedonia. 



Asclepiades of Myrleia a "pupil of Apollonius Rhodius " (Sm. b. d.), and therefore hardly later 

 than this date. 



Cerasus chamacerasjis of the mountains of Eastern Europe and the neighbouring portion of 

 Asia. The XAMAIK6PACOC growing according to Asclepiades Myrleanus in Bithynia, — is 

 referred here by Sprengel and others: " chamaecerasi " are mentioned by Pliny xv. 30 as growing 

 in Macedonia, in cold situations towards the North, and the fruit dried and yielding profit to farmers ; 

 C. chamascerasus is described by Jacquin rar. pi. 90, is known to grow on the Austrian Alps, and 

 according to Persoon, is besides cultivated. Farther South, the " hamaikfirasos " was known to 

 Athenaeus ii. 11 in Egypt. 



" 177 B. C. = 3d year of Wen-ti" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Forty-second cycle. 



" In the first half of the second century B. C." (Humb. cosm. ii.), Szu-ma-thsian writing. 



" In the time of the Western Han " (Topog. Cant., and Pauth. 472), arrival in China* of persons 



* Cocculus fibraurea of Anam and Tropical China. A thick-stemmed woody climber called 

 in Anam "cay vang dang," in China "tien sien tan " (Lour.) ; and from early times used medicinally 

 and for dyeing yellow : — C. fibraurea was observed by Loureiro 769 in the woods of Anam and 



