OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



401 



" vincla juncea " by Ovid ; the "juncus" by Virgil, and its pith substituted for candles, by Pliny xxi. 

 69: "joncs" used perhaps for bedding or thatching, occur in debris of the ancient lake- villages of 

 Switzerland (Troyon p. 44) ; J. effusus is termed "j. lasvis panicula sparsa major" with a variety 

 " panicula non sparsa " by Tournefort inst. 246; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is 

 known to grow in Barbary, Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 

 and Iceland (Desf, Brot., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed around Constantinople in 

 both varieties by Forskal, and Sibthorp ; is known to grow on Sinai (Decsne ann. sc. nat.) and on 

 the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), also in Siberia (Wats.), and was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 

 Farther East, was observed by Nuttall on the Arkansas, by Short in Kentucky ; by myself, the 

 glomerate variety in Nova Scotia, the usual form along the Atlantic from Lat. 45 to 39 ; but by 

 Baldwin, and Chapman, as far as 31 in Florida. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow in 

 New Zealand and Australia (R. Brown 258, A. Rich., J. D. Hook., and A. Dec). 



" 159 B. C." (Blair), at Rome, measuring time by water invented by Scipio Nasica. (The cleps- 

 ydra had long been in use in Greece, see above). 



" Sept. 27th'' (C. Ptol., and Clint.), "in the morning of the first day of the Epagomena, in the 

 twentieth year of the Third Calippic period," the Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hip- 

 parchus. 



In or about this year (Clint.), arrival in Rome of the grammarian Crates of Mallus, as ambassa- 

 dor from Attalus II. king of Pergamus. 



" 158, Sept. 27th " (C. Ptol., Blair, and Clint.), " about noon on the first day of the Epagomena, 

 in the twenty-first year of the Third Calippic period," the Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by 

 Hipparchus. 



" 156 B. C. = 1st year of King-ti or Hiao-king-ti, of the Han" or Seventh dynasty (Chinese 

 chron. table, and Pauth. p. 240). The name "heou " continuing, included his first years. 



" 15s B. C." (Cic, Gell., Blair, and Clint.), arrival in Rome of the philosophers, Diogenes the 

 Stoic, Critolaus, and Carneades, as ambassadors from Athens. The Roman Senate alarmed at the 

 eloquence of Carneades. 



" 154 B. C." (Polyb., and Clint, iii. p. 387), Ptolemy Physcon again in Rome ; and the assistance 

 of the Senate again extended to him against his brother. 



" 153 B. C." (Liv., Cassiod., and Clint.), in Spain, war between the Romans and Celtiberians. — 

 The Lusitani taking part against the Romans (Liv., and others). 



" 151 B. C." (Plut., and Clint.), return to Greece of the historian Polybius and the other Achaean 

 exiles. 



" 150 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346 and 38S), Demetrius Soter succeeded by Alexander Bala, eleventh 

 Greek king of Syria : and the marriage of Alexander Bala with Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy VI. 



" In the middle of the Second century B. C." (Lubke and Lutrow), at Athens, building of the 

 Tower of the winds by Andronicus Cyrrhestes. 



'• About this time " (Amyot, and Pauth. 200), the flattened form of the Earth at the poles, men- 

 tioned by the Chinese philosopher Hoai'-nan-tseu. 



" 149 B. C.= 1st year of the ' tchoung' of King-ti " (Chinese chron. table). 



" In this year" (Armen. hist.), accession of Valarsace as king of Armenia. He was a brother 

 of Arsace V. called Mithridate I. of Parthia, —and reigned until " 127." He sent the historian Mar 

 Apas Catina on a commission. 



As early perhaps as this date (Avadan. Asok.), Sampadi succeeded by his son Vrihaspati, now 

 kino- at Pataliputra on the Ganges. — He is mentioned in the Sama Veda adhy. 22, and called Sali- 

 suka in the Puranas (Burn. i. 430 to ii. 77S). 



Beef eaten by the ancient Hindus,* — as appears from the work of Arvalayana on Slaughtering 

 cattle, and other evidence cited by Rajendralala Mitra (in Beng. asiat. soc. xli). 



* Gmelina arborea of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tree called in Nepal "gambbari," in 

 Telinga "kasmaryamu" (J. F. Wats.) or "goomadee," in Bengalee "gumbaree," in Tamil "tagoom- 

 ooda," in Hindustanee " joogani-chookur " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " sewun " or " she- 

 \\ unee " (Graham), in Burmah " kywon-pho " male teak (Mason) ; in which we recognize the " kasmarya " 

 wood used on such occasions— (Arval.), the "kasmari " or "kasmaryya of Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik. 

 25, and the '' gambhari " of Bhavabhuti mal. 9 : G. arborea was observed by Rheede i. pi. 41 in Mala- 

 bar ; by Graham, " common throughout the Concans," its wood used by the natives for " cylinders of the 

 drums called dholucks," also for "carriage pannels, as combining lightness with strength;" by Rox- 

 burgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and Oude ; by Mason v. 526, indigenous in Burmah, accord- 

 ing V McClelland affording "large remarkably strong tough timber." 



Ficus infectoria of Tropical Hindustan. A tree call in Sanscrit " plucsha " (Pidd.) or " placsha," 



51 



