402 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" The same year" (Cic, and Clint.), in Rome, the first law against bribery at elections. 



"The same year" (Appian, Blair, and Clint.), commencement of the Third Punic war, between 

 the Romans and Carthaginians, —the war continued three years. 



"147, Sept. 26th" (C. Ptol., and Clint), "at midnight on the third of the Epagomena, in the 

 thirty-second year of the Third Calippic period," the Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hip- 

 parchus. 



Towards the close of the reign of Ptolemy VI. ( . . ), the temple at Bubastis sought and 

 obtained by the Jews under Onias for a place of religious worship. — The spot continued in the pos- 

 session of the Jews; is the "vicus Judaeorum " of the Itinerarium Antonini, and is called "Tel 

 Jehudeh " to the present day (Leps. eg. and sin. 449). 



"146B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 34''), Alexander Bala succeeded by Demetrius II. Nicator, twelfth 

 Greek king of Syria. Who married his predecessor's widow, Cleopatra. 



"The same year" (Schlegel journ. asiat. 1S28), Eucratides slain and succeeded by his son, Eucra- 

 tides II. now Greek king of Bactria. 



" March 24th " (C.lptol., and Clint.), " in the morning of the 27th of Mechir, in the thirty-second 

 year of the Third Calippic period," the Vernal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hipparchus. 



"Sept. 27th" (C. Ptol., and Clint.), "in the morning of the fourth of the Epagomena," the 

 Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hipparchus. 



"November" (Ponphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), in EgyP*. Ptolemy VI. succeeded by Ptolemy 

 VII. Physcon. Who married his brother's widow and own sister Cleopatra; and afterwards 

 another Cleopatra, his niece : and who appointed a Roman as one of his provincial governors. The 

 hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy VII. occur on restorations in the Asasif, on the temple of Athyr at 

 Thebes, on the small temple of Thoth built by him at Medinet-Abu, and on additions made by him to 

 temples at Edfu, Onibos, Phike, and Dakkeh in Nubia. 



"The same year" (Clint.), capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. C. 

 Scipio Africanus the younger. " Two months " afterwards, by the Romans under L. Mummius, Cor- 

 inth captured, and the Achaean League and independence of Greece overthrown. Among the spoils 

 of Corinth, Polybius witnessed the contempt of the Roman soldiers for works of art; playing at 

 draughts on pictures thrown on the ground, as on the " Bacchus painted by Aristides," and the 

 " Hercules tormented by the shirt." — To the time of Strabo, the finest and most numerous works of 

 art in Rome, were those brought from Corinth ; and he speaks in the highest terms of the " Bacchus," 

 mentioning however that it had been recently destroyed by fire. 



In the clays of Polybius (Strab. iv. 6. 12), there were four passes across the Alps : First, through 

 " Li°-u6n " (Liguria) along the sea : Second, " Taurinon " (Mount Cenis to Turin) " followed by Han- 

 nibal : " Third, " Salass6n " (St. Bernard) : and Fourth, " Raiton " (St. Gothard). 



145 B. C. (Campb., and Royle fibr. plants), the art of making paper from pulp, known to the 

 Chinese as early at least as this date. — From China, the art was carried into Hindustan ; and is sup- 

 posed to have been learned by the Arabs in the " Eighth " century. By the Arabs, the art was intro- 

 duced into Spain in the " Ninth or Tenth " century ; and paper from pulp was first manufactured at 

 Nuremburg in " 1390," and in England in " 1450." 



" 143 B. C. = 1st year of the 'heou ' of King-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year" (Cic, and Clint.), P. Scipio Africanus the younger, accompanied by the philos- 

 opher Panaetius, sent as ambassador to Egypt. 



"September 26th" (C. Ptol, Blair, and Clint.), "about sunset on the fourth day of the Epago- 

 mena in the thirty-sixth year of the Third Calippic period," the . lutumnal equinox observed on 

 Rhodes by Hipparchus. "Two days later, from the new moon of September 28th," Hipparchus 

 began his Cycle of 304 years = 1 11,035 days = 3760 lunations. 



" The same year " (J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), coined money first issued by the Maccabees. 

 The inscriptions on these coins are the earliest examples known of Hebrew writing; the forms of 

 the letters being in most instances identical with the Phoenician. 



" 142 1!. C." (Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Syrian garrison at Jerusalem forced to surrender and the 

 citadel demolished by Simon. The Jews having now acquired complete independence, established 

 in this year (Steinscheid. i. 4) the Sanhedrim, a Superior court of law. 



or " jati " or " parcati," in Bengal "pacari " or " pacar" (W. Jones) or "pakoor" or "pakur," in Hin- 

 dustanee " pakar " (J. F. Wats.), in Malabar " tsjakala " (Rheede), in which we recognize the " plaksha " 

 leaves on which the roasted beef was served — ( Arval.), and the " jati " of Susrutas : F. infectoria was 

 observed by Rheede iii. pi. 64 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the Concans ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 310, 

 Roxburgh, Piddington, and Voight, as far as Bengal, the root yielding a red dye, and the bark of the 

 root made into a peculiar kind of bow-string (Drur.). 



