404 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



seems taken from Dioscorides : S. sulcata is termed " scorpioides bupleuri folio " by Tournefort inst. 

 402 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. pi. 1 in Barbary (Pers.), and by Forskal near Marseilles. 



Scorpinrus subvillosa of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the preceding by 

 ancient writers : — was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal, around Cairo 

 in Egypt. Westward, is described by Morison ii. pi. 11 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles, 

 and is known to occur as an exotic weed as far even as Britain (Wats., and A. Dec). 



Scorpinrus vermiculata of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the preceding 

 by ancient writers : — was observed by Sibthorp in the cultivated ground of Attica. Westward, is 

 described by Columna ecphr. i. p. 156 (Spreng.), Morison, and Rivinus ; is termed " scorpioides siliqua 

 crassa " by Tournefort inst. 402, and is known to occur in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 



Valeriana tuberosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " valeViane " or 

 "muristike" or by the Wallachians "agrios sampoukos" (Fraas) : theNAPA0Y:6YAAKITIA0C 

 of Nicander alex. 403, — identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " neris " or " online narthos," growing 

 according to Dioscorides in Cilicia and Syria and having two or more odorous roots smaller and more 

 slender than those of asphodel, is referred here by writers : V. tuberosa was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas, frequent on mountains from Cilicia to Cyprus, Crete, and the Peloponnesus. Westward, 

 the nardum "syriacum " is enumerated by Pliny xii. 26 among the kinds known in Italy (apparently 

 from the imported root): V. tuberosa is described by Camerarius epit. 16; is termed "v. alpina 

 minor" by Tournefort inst. 132, and is known to grow in Dalmatia, Sicily, and Southeastern France 

 (Gerard 218, and Pers.). 



Ptychotis verticillata of the Mediterranean countries. The OPA6IAON of Nicander ther. 

 841, — according to the scholiast an edible seed, maybe compared: the " tortbulion " is described 

 by Dioscorides as growing on mount Amanus in Cilicia, a little herb having a roundish shield like 

 double seed subacrid and aromatic, and is identified in the added Synonyms with the " tSrthulon " or 

 "s£s£li kretikon : " P. verticillata was observed by Link, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Par- 

 nassus. Westward, the "seselis cretici " is prescribed by Julius Bassus against colic (Scribon. Larg. 

 121); the " tordyiion " or "tordylon" is mentioned by Pliny xx. 87 to xxiv. 117 as the seed of 

 " seseli " or " sills," or according to others an herb called " syreon : " P. verticillata is termed 

 " seseli verticillatum " by Desfontaines (Bory) ; was observed by Tenore in Italy, and by Brotero in 

 Portugal (Steud.). 



Geropo^on glaber of the Mediterranean countries. A Hieracioid annual called in Greece " kour- 

 ph£st6s " (Sibth.) ; and the TCPAOC : TTwrwN of Nicander, — called in Etruria "saxifica," by 

 the Romans " petrae barba," is referred here by Ruel ii. 138, and others : G. glaber is described also 

 by Linnaeus, and Jacquin hort. pi. 33 ; is known to grow about Nice and in Italy (Pers.) ; and was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. 



Anlhemis tinctoria of the East Mediterranean countries and Uralian plains. Called on the Volga 

 "popafka" (Pall.) ; coronary kinds of "anthSmis" are mentioned by Nicander fr. ii. 37: — A. tincto- 

 ria was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in dry sandy situations in Greece ; by Pallas 

 trav. i. 95, used in dyeing on the Volga. Westward, the " stephanomelis " of Pliny xxvi. 84 is 

 referred here by Fraas ; A. tinctoria is described by Tragus 58, and Barrelier pi. 465 ; is termed 

 "buphthalmum tanaceti minoris foliis" by Tournefort inst. 495 ; and is known to occur as far North 

 as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 741, Pers., and Wats.), but is regarded by A. Decandolle as not indigenous 

 in Western Europe. 



Echiiun Italicum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " manouni : " 

 theAYKA^ON. OPMeNOENTA of Nicander ther. 840, — or " lukopsis " called by some "aghou- 

 san" growing according to Dioscorides in the open country, the leaves lettuce-like but longer and 

 rough, the stem upright and tall with rough branches a cubit in length bearing small purplish flowers, 

 is referred here by writers. E. Italicum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 in open situations as described by Dioscorides, and frequent from the vicinity of Constantinople to 

 the Peloponnesus. Westward, the account of the " lycapsos " by Pliny xxvii. 73 seems chiefly taken 

 from Dioscorides: E. Italicum is described by the Bauhins, and Parkinson p. 519; is termed "e. 

 majus et asperius flore albo " by Tournefort inst. 135, " e. altissimum " by Jacquin austr. ap. pi. 16; 

 and is known to grow on dry hills in Pannonia, Italy, France (Pers.), and as far as the isle of Jer- 

 sey, the flowers " dilute violacei " according to Sprengel. K. pyramidatum described as distinct, is 

 known to grow in Spain, Algeria, Southern France, and Eastward as far as Asia Minor and the coun- 

 try South of Caucasus (Desf. i. p. 164, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Steud., and A. Dec). 



Lithospcrmnm purpureo-coernleum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in 

 Greece " skulogldsson," in which we recognize the KYNOrAUUCCOCof Nicander georg. . . , — stem- 

 less according to Dioscorides and prostrate on the ground in sandy places, the leaves like those of 

 the broad-leaved plantain but smaller and downy : L. purpureocoeruleum was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Chaubard, by no means rare in the shade of thickets in Greece. Farther South the " kuno°-]6s- 



