OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 405 



sos " was known to Athenaeus ix. . . in Egypt. Westward, is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " phuton " or " kavallation " or " splenion " or " skolumos," and with the " liggoua kanis " or " liggoua 

 kanina " of the Romans ; the root of a " cynoglossos caninas imitans linguas " producing three thyrsi 

 of seeds reputed good for tertian intermittents, and one with four thyrsi for quartan, according to 

 Pliny xxv. 41: L. purpureo-coeruleum is termed "1. minus repens lati folium " by Tournefort inst. 

 137, and is known to grow in Austria and France (Jacq. austr. pi. 14, Lam. fl. fr., and Steud. ; see 

 Cynoglossum officinale). 



Onosma stellulata of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "mfilihorton" (Sibth.), 

 in which we recognize the JVL6A I ZUU PO I of Nicander alex. 351, — Eutecnius, and the scholiast ; 

 also the " nectaream " herb or " helenion " or " orestion " or " idaeam " or " medicam " identified by 

 Pliny xiv. 19 with the " symphyton " and further mentioned as mixed in wine: the •' sumphuton 

 p£traion" taken in wine according to Dioscorides, is described by him as sweet to the taste and fra- 

 grant, having a long ruddy root, " 6rigan6 "-like branches, " thumou "-like capitula, slender leaves, 

 and agglutinating recent wounds and even meat cooked with it : O. stellulata is described by 

 Columna ecphr. pi. 183; is termed "Symphytum echii folio angustiore radice rubra flore luteo " by 

 Tournefort inst. 138 ; was observed by Sibthorp in Crete and the Peloponnesus ; and by Pallas, and 

 Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains (Pers., and Steud.). 



Anchusa tinctoria of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens alkanet, in France 

 "orcanette" (Prior), in Greece "vaphorriza" (Fraas) ; and the ATXOYCHC : 6PIAAKHIAOC 

 enumerated as medicinal by Nicander ther. 838, — growing according to Dioscorides in fertile soil, 

 its root reddish and staining the skin, leaves resembling those of " thrithaki 6xuphull6 " rough and 

 prickly, and in the added Synonyms identified with the "kataghousan " or "arhivSllion " or " onophul- 

 16s " or " onoklSian," is referred here by writers : the " onoklSias " is mentioned also by Galen fac. 

 simpl. v. p. 311 : A. tinctoria was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the 

 Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the " aghousa " or " kataghousa " or "livuken " is identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " vouinSsath " of the Numidians ; and "anchusa" root is mentioned by Pliny 

 xxii. 23 as used for dyeing wool: A. tinctoria is termed "buglossum radice rubra sive anchusa vulga- 

 tior floribus caeruleis " by Tournefort inst. 134 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow in 

 Barbary and Southern France (Pers.), and yields the alkanet dye of commerce (see Lithospermum 

 tinctorium). 



Celsia arcturus of Hindustan. Verbascum-like, called in Bengalee " kukshima " (Drur.) ; and 

 the A P K T I N Nicander ther. 840, — of Dioscorides, identified with the " arktoumn " in Syn. Diosc, 

 Pliny xxvii. 16, Galen, and Oribasius xiv. 33, is referred here with hesitation by Honorius Bellus : 

 C. arcturus was observed by him on Crete (Spreng.) ; by Sibthorp, along walls on Crete and Cyprus ; 

 is described by Pona bald. pi. 44, Columna ecphr. ii. pi. 82, Alpinus exot pi. 122 ; and is termed 

 "blattaria perennis cretica incana" by Tournefort inst. 148. Eastward, was observed by Law as far 

 as Bombay, " common in the bed of almost every river," by Lush " wild about Dapooree " (Graham). 

 " C. Coromandeliana," from early times employed medicinally in Hindustan, and observed by Rox- 

 burgh, Waring pharm. ind., and Drury, " on the banks of rivers and still waters " and often "a com- 

 mon weed in gardens," is regarded by Graham as probably not distinct. 



Teucrium montanum of the mountains of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The 

 XAMHAHN : TTITYN of Nicander ther. 841 and alex. 56, — identified by the scholiast with the 

 "onoguros" or "sitheritis" or " idnia agria," may be compared; also the "ajuga idaeae" of the An- 

 tidote of Antipater as translated by Scribonius Largus 167 : the " StSra hamaipitus " of Dioscorides, 

 having incurved branches a cubit long, white flowers, and the odour of pine, is referred here by 

 Sprengel : T. montanum was observed by Sibthorp on mountains from Delphi to Athos and the 

 Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the account by Pliny xxiv. 20 of the kind with "cubitalibus ramis " 

 seems taken from Dioscorides : T. montanum is described by Gesner hort. germ. f. 273, and Matthi- 

 oli (Spreng.); is termed "polium lavandulae folio" by Tournefort inst. 206; was observed by 

 Gussone in Sicily, and is known to grow in dry mountainous situations as far as Ratisbon and 

 Paris (Pers., and A. Dec ), but whether employed medicinally is not stated. " T. supinum," termed 

 "polium montanum repens" by Tournefort inst. 206, and the flowers white (Pers.), is regarded by 

 Sibthorp as not distinct. (See Ajuga iva). 



Ajuga Chia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agrio livano" (Fraas) or 

 " livanohorton " or " thothSkanthe " (Sibth. emend.) ; and possibly the X A M A ITT I T Y C of Nicander 

 alex. 56: — the "hamaipitus trite" of Dioscorides, a little herb having the odour of pine with slender 

 hairy leaves and yellow flowers, is referred here by Fraas, and Lenz : the " hamaipitus " in the theriac 

 ' of Andromachus corresponds to the " chamaefitos " in the Egyptian theriac copied by Alpinus, and 

 " chamsepithys " was seen by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt: A. Chia is termed "c. 

 chia lutea folio trifido flore magno " by Tournefort cor. 14 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and throughout the Greek islands. Westward, 



