406 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



the " chamaepitys " is prescribed by Celsus v. 5 ; is called in Latin according to Pliny xxiv. 20 "thus 

 terrae" or "abiga;" and the "abiga" of the Italians or "ibiga" is mentioned by Apuleius Barbarus 

 27 (Rhod. lex. Scribon.) 



Origanum onites of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " rigani " (Sibth.), and 

 the ONOY : n"eTAAeiON:OP6irANON of Nicander ther. 628 or O N I T I C of alex. 56, having 

 according to Dioscorides the leaves whiter and more " uss6p6 "-like, and the seed as if in cohering 

 incumbent corymbs, is referred here by Matthioli, and Sibthorp : O. onites is termed " majorana 

 cretica origani folio villosa satureia; odore corymbis majoribus albis " by Tournefort cor. 13, and was 

 observed by Sibthorp in Southern Greece and on the surrounding islands. Farther West, the 

 medicinal use of the " onitin " is mentioned by Pliny xx. 67 and 69 ; and O. onites is known to grow 

 in Sicily (Bocc. ii. pi. 38, Pers., and Spreng.). 



Daphne alpina of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe and adjoining portion of Asia. 

 Called in Italy " olivella " (Lenz), and the XAMCAAIAof Nicander al. 48, — described by Dioscor- 

 ides as a shrub with branches a span long, crowded olive-like but more slender leaves, bitter, biting 

 the tongue and purgative, mentioned also by Oribasius, and Alexander Trallianus, may be compared : 

 the "knithSion kokkon " according to Dioscorides was by some supposed to be the fruit of the 

 "hamSlaia," and the "kokkon knithion lepton " is mentioned by Oribasius excerpt. 52(Daremb.): 

 D. alpina was observed by Sibthorp on Parnassus, the Bithynian Olympus, and the mountains of 

 Crete ; by Pallas pi. 35, on the Altaian mountains. Westward, the "hamelaia" or " aknestos " or 

 "hamedaian melainan " or "eraklgion" or "vtheduran " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "olgas- 

 tedloum " or " 61eag6 " or "kitokakioum " of the Romans: the drug euphorbium was supposed by 

 Niger to be procured from the "hamedaia " in Italy (Diosc. i. praef.), and an inferior kind from the 

 "chamelaea" in Gaul is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 38; the " chamaelea " is further described by 

 Pliny xv. 7 and xxiv. 72 as a shrub not more than a span high growing in stony places : D. alpina is 

 described by Plukenet aim. pi. 229, is termed " th. alpina folio utrinque incano flore albo " by Tournefort 

 inst. 594, and is known to grow on the mountains of Italy and Switzerland (Pers., and Lenz). 



Chenopoditim (Ambrina) botrys of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " botri " (Lenz); 

 in which we recognize the " votrus " identified by Dioscorides with the "art£misian or "amvrosian" 

 of the Cappadocians, the AMBPOCIHN of Nicander fragm., — and further described as growing 

 in ravines formed by torrents, a yellow herb having many branches, " kihfirid "-like leaves, seeds 

 all around the branches, and the whole so fragrant as to be placed among clothing : C. botrys was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the banks of rills from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna 

 in Asia Minor ; and by Gmelin on the Yaic river in Siberia. Farther South, was observed by Forskal 

 on the upper portion of the mountains of Tropical Arabia and called "schokr el homar." Westward, 

 the account of the "botrys " by Pliny xxvii. 31 seems taken from Dioscorides : C. botrys is described 

 by Tragus f. 335 (Spreng ), and Dodoens pempt. 34; is termed "ch. ambrosioides folio sinuato" 

 by Tournefort inst. 506 ; and is known to grow in sandy situations in Italy and other parts of South- 

 ern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where 

 it has become a weed in gardens and waste ground in our Middle States, was observed by Elliott 

 at Columbia in upper Carolina, by Short in Kentucky, and by Nuttall to all appearance indigenous 

 along the Mississippi and Missouri. "The whole plant" according to Lindley "is powerfully and 

 agreeably fragrant," is reported "to be a valuable expectorant." 



Urtica u/em of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A smaller kind of nettle called in 

 Italy "ordca" (Lenz), in Greece "tziknitha" or " agria tziknitha" (Fraas), in Egypt "zaghlyleh" 

 (Del.) ; and the KATAKN I AH : X AM HAH of Nicander ther., — and "akaluphe Stera" of Dioscor- 

 ides " leptospfirmos " and not so rough, are referred here by Fraas: U. urens was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste places from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is 

 known to occur also in Siberia (Wats.) ; was observed by Delile as far as Cairo ; and was received 

 from Abyssinia by Richard (A. Dec). Westward, the "akaluphe £ tera " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the "ourtika mollis " of the Romans ; and the "urtica silvestris '' called "feminam " is described 

 as " mitior " by Pliny xxi. 55 : U. urens is described by Brunfels, and Tragus (Spreng ) ; is termed 

 " u. urens minor" by Tournefort inst. 535 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known 

 to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 739, Pers., Fries, and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 

 ica, where it continues about dwellings in our Atlantic and even our Southern States (Chapm.), 

 observed also by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; to Buenos Ayres in Austral America (Commers , and 

 Pers.); to Austral Africa, the Mauritius Islands, and New Zealand (Drege, Boj., and Raoul) ; and 

 perhaps to the Hawaiian Islands, for a species seemingly wild there appeared to me identical. " U. 

 membranacea " of Poiret, known to occur in Portugal, Spain, Barbary, and Egypt (Brot., Desf ., and 

 Pers.), observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, in Greece, by Forskal at Barah in Yemen, is regarded by 

 Chaubard as perhaps not distinct. 



