OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 409 



Carissa carandas of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny shrub called in Sanscrit " avigna '' or 

 " avinga " or " crishnapacap'hala " or " sushenas " or " caramardaca " (W. Jones), in Tamil " kalapa " 

 (Drur.), in Telinga "wakay," in Bengalee " kurumchee," in Hindustanee " kurunda " (Drur.), in the 

 environs of Bombay " corinda " (Graham), in which we recognize the " kourounda " flowers pre- 

 sented to a Buddhist in the Lalita vistara 6: — C. carandas is described byRumphiusvii.pl. 25; 

 was observed by Graham very common " throughout the Concans and on the Ghauts," its fruit "sold 

 in the bazars " and " has somewhat the taste of the blueberry ; " by myself, wild on the Ghauts ; by 

 Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Coromandel, common everywhere, the berries universally 

 eaten by the natives, black when ripe, when scarcely so employed to make tarts preserves and pickles. 

 Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 455 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated by European residents 

 for the " berries, which taste when stewed like currants " and are called Bengal currants. 



" 124 B. C." (Liv., and Sm. b. d.), C. Cassius Longinus and C. Sextius Calvinus consuls for this 

 year : a Roman army at the request of the people of Massilia (Marseilles), having been sent against 

 the Salyes, a neighbouring Ligurian tribe ; Calvinus completed the subjugation of the Salyes, — 

 whom he sold in the following year, their king Teutomal with other chiefs taking refuge among the 

 Allobroges, a people higher up the Rhone. The Romans thus acquiring foothold in France. 



Myriophyllum spicatum of Northern climates. Called in Britain water milfoil, in which we 

 recognize the " millfipholioum " of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " velioukanthas " 

 of the Gauls, — and " muriophullon " of the Greeks; growing in wet places according to Diosco- 

 rides, its stem single and tender, surrounded with numerous " marathro "-like leaves whence the 

 name, and referred here by writers : M. spicatum was observed by Sibthorp frequent in Greece. 

 Westward, the " muriophullon " or " mullophullon " or " strati&tike " or " ahillSios " is further iden- 

 tified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " soupSrkilioum v£n£ris " of the Romans ; by Pliny xxiv. 95 with 

 the " millefolium " growing "in palustribus " and " magnifici usus ad vulnera," but his account seems 

 chiefly taken from Dioscorides ; M. spicatum is described by Matthioli p. 812 ; is termed " potamo- 

 geton foliis pennatis " by Tournefort inst. 233 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Al- 

 geria, the Canary Islands, and throughout Europe as far as Lapland, the Orkney Islands, and Iceland 

 (Hook., Desf., Guss., Moris, Webb, Fries, Wats., A. Dec, and Lenz). Eastward from Greece, is 

 known to grow throughout Siberia as far as the Angara and Lake Baikal (Gmel., and Ledeb.) : and 

 farther East, from Bear Lake in North America and " Lat. 54°" to Arkansas and Lat. 41° on the 

 Atlantic (Drumm., Nutt , Pursh, and myself). 



Sambucus ebulus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dwarf elder or 

 wale-wort or danewort (Prior), in France " hieble " (Nugent), in Germany " zwerg-holunder," in 

 Italy " ebbio " or " sambuco erbale " (Lenz), in Greece " vouzia" (Sibth.) : the " olma " of the Daci- 

 ans or " thoukdnS of the Gauls — is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " agria akte " or " elfiios " or 

 " £uv6ike " Euboean kind, or the " hamaiakte " described by Dioscorides as humble and more herba- 

 ceous with the same medicinal properties : is further identified with the " evouloum " of the Romans ; 

 and the " ebulus " is mentioned by Virgil eel. x. 27, Columella, and Pliny xxvi. 49 to 73 : S. ebulus 

 is described in Ortus Sanitatis 95, also by Brunswygk ii. 20, and Parkinson th. 208 (Prior) ; is 

 termed " s. bumilis " by Tournefort inst. 606 ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, 

 in hedges and mountain thickets from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna and Constantinople ; by Lenz, 

 frequent in Italy ; is known to grow also in Barbary (Pers.) and throughout middle Europe, occurring 

 in waste and cultivated ground as far as Sweden (Linn., Wahl., and A. Dec). The "roots cathar- 

 tic" (Lindl.). 



Nepeta glechoma of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain ground ivy or gill or hay maids 

 or hey hove or tun hoof or ale-hoof (Prior), in Greece " kussos : " the " halus " of the Gauls * or " coto- 

 neam " of the Veneti, — mentioned by Pliny xxvi. 26 as " medetur lateri " and resembling "cunilae 

 bubulae " or in the tops "thymo," sweet and alleviating thirst, "radicis alibi albae alibi nigrae," — 

 may be compared : " eorth ifig " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Apul. too; "hey 

 howe " in the ballad of the Frere and the boye 50 ; and " edera terrestris " in the Ortus sanitatis pi. 

 163 : N. glechoma is described by Brunfels i. p. 167 (Spreng.) ; is termed "calamintha humilior folio 

 rotundiore" by Tournefort inst. 194; and is known to occur in waste places and along hedges 

 throughout middle Europe (Scop., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Bithy- 

 nian Olympus to the Peloponnesus ; by Thunberg, along the margin of fields in Japan. By Euro- 

 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in shady situations around 

 dwellings in our Northern and Middle States. Used according to Prior "in fermenting beer; " and 

 according to Lindley, "a favourite herb with country people for making a tea against pectoral and 

 other complaints." 



* Erysimum cheiranthoides of Northern Europe, Asia, and America. Called in France "velar" 

 (Batard), in which we recognize the "velam" of the Gauls — mentioned by Pliny xxii. 75: E. chei- 



