4 '4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



by Gibson, and Graham, "common in Kandesh " and "in some parts of the Northern Concan," giving 

 employment to a "curious tribe of people called Kuttoorees " (Mackintosh bomb, geogr. soc. 1S38) ; 

 by Ainslie, Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 175, Royle, Wight, and Drury, from Malabar to Delhi and Bengal, 



almost everywhere " as far as Madras, its dye called himila used besides as a vermifuge ; by Mc Clel- 

 land, and Mason v. 512 to 543, indigenous in Burmah, and the powder on its fruit "sold in the 

 bazars." (See Calysaccion longifolium). 



Afacaranga Roxburghii of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A peltate-leaved Euphorbiaceous tree 

 called in Canarese " chanda" (Bedd.), in the environs of Bombay "chanda" (Graham); and the "chanda" 

 of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. 10) may be compared: M. Roxburghii was observed 

 by Graham i2S4onthe Ghauts and "in both Concans," the capsule "size of a pea" and together 

 with the young shoots " covered with a clammy substance having a strong turpentine smell ; by 

 Beddome 55, as far as Madras ; by Roxburgh iii. 755, in Eastern Hindustan ; and by Mason 589, in 

 Burmah. Farther East, is perhaps the species seen by myself in wild situations in the Malayan 

 archipelago, and frequent in abandoned clearings on the Feejeean, Tongan. and Samoan Islands. 



Ficus (Covellid) glomerata of Tropical Eastern Asia. A large tree called in the environs of 

 Bombay " oombur " (Graham) ; and the " oudoumbara" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. 

 chile. 7), furnishing a staff for merchants in the Institutes of Manu ii. 45, mentioned also in the 

 Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 25 to 37), is referred here by writers : the " ou-tan-po-lo " seen by 

 the Chinese traveller Hiouen-thsang 3. in Hindustan is also referred here by Stanislas-Julien : F. 

 glomerata is mentioned in the Ramayana i. 4 (transl. Carey and Marshm. ) ; is described by Roxburgh 

 cor. pi. 123 ; was observed by Graham " generally by the banks of water-courses throughout the Con- 

 cans " and hence called "water tree " by the natives, who sometimes eat its fruit, outwardly "much 

 like the common fig," but " in clusters from the large branches ; " by Powell, in the Punjaub, its bark 

 and root employed medicinally (Drur.). Farther East, by Blanco on the Philippines, and called in 

 Tagalo " tibig na lalaqui," in Bisaya "haguimit" or " aimit," water for drinking procured by cut- 

 ting the root, and on Zebu in times of drought many of the inhabitants have no other resource. 



Colocasia macrarhha of the Malayan archipelago. The large taro is called on the Hawaiian 

 Taheitian and Samoan islands " ape," on the Marquesas and Rarotongan islands " kape," on Tonga- 

 tabu " kabe " (Hale) ; in Sanscrit "hasti-carni " (Pidd.), and the "hastikarna" is mentioned in the 

 stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. 2): C. macrorhiza was observed by Hermann parad. 73 on 

 Ceylon (Pers., and Spreng.) ; is known in Hindustan, and in the fresh state "is employed by the 

 natives as an external stimulant and rubefacient " (Pharm. of ind., and Drur ). Eastward, was 

 observed by myself under cultivation on the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian 

 Islands, its long large root the growth of several years, serving therefore as a safeguard against 

 famine ; by Rich, and Hale, on the Vaitupan and Tarawan coral-groups. By European colonists, was 

 carried to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it has become naturalized. 



Curcuma reclinata of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " kurboor " (Pidd.) ; and the 

 "karbura"of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. 2), may be compared: C. reclinata is 

 described by Roxburgh, as observed by him in Eastern Hindustan (Steud. ). 



Cyperus juncifolius of Hindustan. Called in Northern Hindustan " mutran " (Honigb.), and 

 this or C. pertenuis in Sanscrit "musta" (Pidd.) ; possibly therefore the "musta" of the stanzas of 

 the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. v. 3) : C. juncifolius was observed by Honigberger 387 in Northern Hindu- 

 stan (J. F. Wats.). 



Panicum frumentaceum of Tropical Hindustan. A kind of millet called in Sanscrit " shyamaka " 

 (Pidd.), in the environs of Bombay "shamoola" (Graham) ; in which we recognize the "syamaka" 

 of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. chik. 5) : P. frumentaceum was observed by Graham 

 " cultivated in the Deccan ; " by Sykes, Roxburgh, and Drury, under cultivation in other parts of the 

 peninsula. 



Raphis acicularis of Tropical Eastern Asia. A low troublesome grass called in Malabar " kadira 

 pullu" (Rheede), in Burmah " gnung-myeet " (Mason): the "sank'hini" or " chorapushpi " or 

 "chanda" or "kesini" or "sveta" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 10), is referred 

 here by Hessler; and the "sankhapushpi " of the Institutes of Manu xi. 147 is referred here by Des- 

 longchamps : R. acicularis was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 43 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the envi- 

 rons of Bombay ; by Retz, and Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan ; by Mason v. 477, in Burmah, " the 

 most common grass on the coast ; " by Loureiro, in Anam ; by myself, throughout the Malayan 

 archipelago, but not in wild situations ; by Blanco, everywhere known to the natives on the Philip- 

 pines under a Spanish name "amores secos." By Polynesian colonists, was carried throughout the 

 Tropical islands of the Pacific, from the Feejeean and Tongan to the Taheitian and Hawaiian groups, 

 observed by myself abounding in clearings along the coast and around native dwellings, but not seen 

 on the widely-detached coral-islands. 



