OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 415 



yielding terra japonica or catechu j articles made of its wood used according to Stevenson pref. vi. 

 by Brahmans to the present day in Vedic ceremonies. Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 487 

 to 525 "indigenous " in Burmah, and "so abundant on the Eastern side of the mountains " that the 

 inhabitants of a " village of two hundred and fifty houses " were all " constantly engaged in making 

 cutch for the Shan market," to be taken with betel. From transported. specimens, is described by 

 Plukenet pi. 329 ; and by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; also to 

 Jamaica, where it has become frequent (Macfad., and Lindl.). 



Coccinia grandis of Equatorial Africa. A Cucurbitaceous vine called in Sanscrit "jivaka" or 

 "vimbika" or "vimba" (J. F. Wats.); in which ■ we recognize the "jivaka" of the stanzas of the 

 Ayurvedas, — " bimba " fruit of the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 273 to 617), " vimba " of Valmiki 

 ram. v. 18, its fruit compared with lips by Kalidasa kum. iii. 67 to ragh. xiii. 16, and the "vimbika" 

 of Susrutas sutr. 16 to chik. 22 : C. grandis was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 14 in Malabar ; by 

 Graham, " common in every hedge and on old walls about Bombay during the rains," its fruit " when 

 ripe red ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and by Burmann pi. 19 on Ceylon ; 

 by Mason, seemingly wild in Burmah. Westward, by Grant in Unyoro on the Nile, garlands made 

 of its leaves by the Waganda. 



Mimusofts kauki of the Siamese countries. A tree called in Sanscrit "ksheerike," in Bengalee 

 "ksheerni " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the " kshirika " or " kshiri " of the stanzas of the 

 Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 4) : M. kauki was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 25 in Malabar, cultivated 

 according to Drury on account of its acid and esculent fruit ; by Powell, in the Punjaub, the leaves 

 bark and seeds employed medicinally ; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; but in the envi- 

 rons of Bombay, was seen by Graham only in gardens of European residents. Eastward, was 

 observed by Mason v. 463 indigenous in Burmah, and raised besides from a dried fruit imported by 

 Chinese from Singapore ; is according to Drury " extensively cultivated in China ; " was observed 

 by Rumphius iii. pi. 8 around dwellings on Celebes, commonly planted for the elegance of its form 

 and the grateful shade. Westward from Hindustan, a single tree brought from abroad and having no 

 Arabic name, was seen by Forskal p. 82 at Beit el fakih in Yemen. 



Plumbago Zeylanica of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Perennial and suffruticose, called in 

 Yemen " hamsched " (Forsk ), in Sanscrit "chitruka" or "pathin" or "vuhni," in Bengalee " agnee " 

 or " chitra," in Hindustanee " chita " (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil " chitramoolum " or " kodivaylie " 

 (Drur.), in Guzerat " cheetruck " (Graham); in which we recognize the "chitraka" or " agni " or 

 "pat'hi " or " vahni " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 3) : P. Zeylanica was observed 

 by Rheede x. pi. 8 in Malabar; by Vaupell, "common in Guzerat in hedges by the road side," by 

 Graham, on " hills throughout the Concans," the " fresh bruized bark of the root " sometimes " used 

 for raising blisters ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Bengal, and 

 used for other medicinal purposes ; by Mason v. 432, "exotic " in Burmah and cultivated for its vesi- 

 catory root. Westward, the " khamischah " of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer : P. Zey- 

 lanica was observed by Forskal along the base of the mountains of Yemen. By European colonists, 

 was carried to the West Indies (Sloane i. pi. 133). 



Curcuma zedoaria of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Sanscrit "kinarista" or " sholee " or 

 " sholika " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee " zaranbad " or "jadwar " (D'rozar.) or "kakhura" or " kuch- 

 oora," in Telinga "kuchoora" or " kichlie-gudda," in Tamil "capoor-kichlie " or " pulang killungu," 

 in Bengalee "shutee" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay '• kutchoora " or "katchoramu " or "satee " 

 or " sotee " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the " sati " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. 

 iii.), and " shuthi " enumerated by Carey and Marshman among the ten drugs in the " survoushudhee " 

 of Valmiki ram. ii. I : C. zedoaria was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 7 in Malabar ; by Graham, as far 

 as Bombay, producing "the real zedoaria of the Materia Medica; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 

 201, Wight, and Drury, as far as Ceylon and Chittagong, its root used medicinally, and an ingredient 

 in the red powder thrown about by the Hindus during the licence of the Hooly festival. Farther East, 

 is known to occur on " the Asiatic islands" and as far as China (Rumph. v. pi. 68, and Lindl.). 

 Westward, the imported drug " zedoar " is mentioned by Macer Floridus 71 ; " zadawar " or " jadwar," 

 by Rhazes, Ebn Sanhum, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar; and "zedoar" was seen in Egypt by 

 Alpinus. 



" 1 17 B. C. = 6th year of the ' youan-tcheou ' of Wou-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 

 the Forty-third cycle. 



The Hawaiian Islands colonized "from Taheiti" "sixty-seven generations " before our visit : the 

 colonists being acquainted with the largest Samoan island Savaii, whose name was transferred to a 

 new island corresponding in relative size and in being actively volcanic, its North point receiving the 

 name of the second Samoan island Upolu ; while "a small rocky islet " was called Lefuka, — its 

 current name "Lehua" being the form the word "would take in the Hawaiian language." Com- 

 munication was regularly kept up with the Marquesas Islands, two of which, Nukuhiva and Fatuhiva, 



