OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 42 1 



and Institutes of Manu (W. Jones), and whose brilliant red flowers are celebrated by Kalidasa kum. 

 iii. 29: Agni's " sacred wood illuminating " is mentioned in the Sama Veda v. 4, and the "sacred 

 fire " of the Brah mans was found by Stevenson fed exclusively with the wood of B. frondosa ; the 

 same "venerable and holy tree gave its name to the celebrated plain of Plassey in Bengal " (asiat. 

 res. iii. 469 to iv. 229) : B. frondosa was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 16 and 17 in Malabar; by Gra- 

 ham, " common both in the Concans, Kandesh, and Goozerat," its flowers "used to dye with," 

 applied also "to indolent tumours," and furnishing a powder that "enters into the composition of 

 goolal ; " by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 2r, and Wight, on the Circars and in other parts of Hindustan ; 

 yields according to Royle antiq. med. 41 and fibr. ind. the " pulas " or " dhak" fibre of commerce, 

 and its ashes containing carbonate of potash are often commended by Hindu and Arab medical 

 writers : its ruby-coloured exudation, also employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.), was recog- 

 nized by Guibourt as the " original kino which had entirely disappeared from commerce and was 

 once so much valued ; " is now distinguished as pulos kino, and according to Drury "is an efficient 

 substitute for the real kino." Farther East, B. frondosa was observed by Mason v. 485 abounding 

 in the forests of Burmah ; and by M'Clelland, in Pegu. 



The Institutes of Manu hardly earlier than this date, mention being made of Budhist nuns 

 (Weber, and Buns. iv. 7. 3), and of " Tchinas " China (a name unknown before the Thsin dynasly 

 according to Klaproth). m Manu speaks of the "three Vedas," but elsewhere names the At'harvana or 

 fourth (Colebr. as. res. viii), and is himself mentioned in the Sama Veda prapath : i. 9 and 10 * 

 (transl. Stev.). 



* Sapindus detergens of Eastern Hindustan. A species of soapnut called in Bengalee and Hin- 

 dustanee " reetha " (Drur.) ; and the bruised fruit of the " savonier " used according to the Institutes 

 of Manu v. 120 for cleansing woollen rugs from Nepaul, — may be compared: S. detergens was 

 observed by Roxburgh ii. 280 in Bengal, a tree twenty feet high, the pulp of its fruit used by the 

 natives for washing linen (Drur.). 



Careya arborea of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in Tamil " poottatanni-marum " or 

 "ave-mavoo," in Telinga "kumbi," in Malabar "pelou," in Hindustanee or Bengalee "pilu" (Drur. 

 index), in the environs of Bombay " koombah " or "kumba" (Graham) ; in which we recognize the 

 " pilou " of the Institutes of Manu ii. 45, furnishing a staff for merchants : — C. arborea was observed 

 by Rheede iii. pi. 36 in Malabar; by Gibson, Auld, and Graham, from Bombay to Kandesh and 

 Guzerat ; by myself, frequent in the forest on the Ghauts ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts 

 of Hindustan as far as Coromandel, its wood used by the cabinet-makers of Monghyr, also for hoops, 

 and its bark twisted into cords for matchlock men (Drur.). 



Kubia cordifolia of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Distinguished as Indian madder, and called in 

 Hindustanee "munjittee," in Bengalee " munjith " or " aroona," in Tamil " manjittee " or " sawil 

 codie," in Telinga "mandastie" (Drur.); and the madder-tinted garb of the military student is 

 mentioned in the Institutes of Manu, — and by Bhavabhuti uttar. 4 (transl. Wils.) : embalming and 

 cloth dyed with "manjistha" are mentioned in the Kasi khanda, practises according to Wilson (note 

 Vishn. pur. iv. 5) that would be thought impure at the present day : the mandjuchakas is mentioned 

 in the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 4), and the " manjisht'ha " or " manduka" or " mandukaparni " 

 or "kala" by Susrutas sar. 10 to chik. 16: R. cordifolia was observed by Graham "common at 

 Mahableshwur; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, from the Neilgherries to Dindigul, cultivated 

 according to Drury in Assam and Nepaul, but seems chiefly produced in Kuchar, the root " in great 

 demand in the adjacent countries for dyeing coarse cloths and stuffs red," and exported even to 

 London. Farther East, R. cordifolia was observed by Wallich along the Irawaddy (Mason v. 512) ; 

 by Thunberg, in different parts of the Malayan archipelago ; by him, and Kaempfer, in Japan, grow- 

 ing spontaneously and used for dyeing; by Pallas trav. iii. pi. 50, as far as the border of Siberia; is 

 known to occur also in China (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (Thunb.), 

 and to Majorca (Pers.). 



Vernonia anthelmintica of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. Annual, and called in Sanscrit 

 and Bengalee "somraj" (Lindl.), in Hindustanee "buckche," in Telinga " adavie-zeela-kura," in 

 Tamil " caat-siragum " (Drur.) ; and the " saml " of the Institutes of Manu viii. 247 — is referred here 

 by Deslongchamps : the "somaraji" or " somavriksha " or "syama" is mentioned by Susrutas sutr. 

 46 to chik." 25 and kalp. 7: V. anthelmintica was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 24 in Malabar; by 

 Graham, " in waste places " around Bombay ; by Hamilton, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of 

 Hindustan as far as Bengal; and by Burmann pi. 95, on Ceylon ; the seeds according to Drury "very 

 bitter" and "considered powerfully anthelmintic and diuretic," an ingredient also "of a compound 

 powder" given in snake-biles. 



Bassia latifolia of Tropical Hindustan. The mowhra tree is called in Sanscrit "madhaca," in 



