42 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Crotalaria juncea of Tropical Hindustan. The sunn-hemp is an annual plant called in Bengalee 

 "sunn," in Tamil "wuckoo" or "janupa nar," in Telinga " shanamoo " (Drur.), in the environs of 

 Bombay "tag" or " ambaree " (Graham), in Burmah "pan" or "paik-hsan" (Mason); and the 

 "sana" of the Institutes of Manu ii. 44, furnishing the sacrificial thread of the Kshatrya caste,— 

 is referred here by writers : C. juncea was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, " much 

 cultivated for the sake of its fibres;" by Burmann, Roxburgh cor. pi. 193, Royle fibr. I, and Wight, 

 under cultivation in other narts of Hindustan; and the exported fibres and "goni" or gunny-bags 

 made of them have become well known in commerce. Farther East, the plant was observed by Mason 

 v. 519 in Burmah, in "large fields" near the native villages. 



Cordia latifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A small tree called in Sanscrit " shleshmatuka " (J. F. 

 Wats.), in Bengalee "buro-buhooari," in Hindustanee " bhokur " or " buralesoora " (Drur.), in 

 Guzerat "burgoond" or " vurgoond," in Arabic and Persian "pistan " or " sepistan " (Vaupell) ; in 

 which we recognize the " slechmataka " of the Institutes of Manu vi. 14, whose fruit should not be 

 eaten: — the "sibistan '' is mentioned by Honain, Ishak Ben Amran, Mosih, Elthabiri, Avicenna, 

 and other Arab writers (meaning probably in most instances the allied C. myxa) : C. latifolia is 

 mentioned by Valmiki ramayan. vi. 74 (transl. Gorres.) ; was observed by Vaupel " common through- 

 Bengalee " mahwa " or " muhooa " or " muhoola," in Telinga " ipie " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee 

 " moola," in Tamil " caat-elloopei " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " madhuka" yielding accord- 

 ing to the Institutes of Manu xi. 94 one of the three kinds of intoxicating drink, — mentioned also 

 by Valmiki ramayan. ii. 43, Jayadevi, yellow garlands of its flowers by Kalidasa kum. vii. 14 to ragh. 

 vi. 25, and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas : B. latifolia was observed by Gibson " very common 

 in Guzerat," by Graham "throughout the Concans," by myself in the central portion of the Deccan, 

 by Malcolm in Mahva ; by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 19, Hamilton, and Ainslie, from Mysore to the Circar 

 mountains and Bengal, its flowers dried for food in quantities by the forest-tribes or Bheels, yielding 

 besides the intoxicating spirit called moivhra, and the oil from its seeds used by the poorer classes 

 in lamps and for frying (Drur.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where 

 it continues in gardens (Boj.). 



Strychnos potatorum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The clearing-nut is called in Tamil 

 " tettankotta," in Telinga "induga," in Bengalee and Hindustanee "nirmulee" (Lindl.), in the 

 environs of Bombay "nirmulla" or "gagra" (Graham) : and the "kataka" clearing water according 

 to the Institutes of Manu vi. 67, — pale-leaved and yielding a powder according to Kalidasa ragh. 

 iv. 55 to vi. 17, and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas chik. 1 to 20, is referred here by W. Jones as. 

 res. iv. 128: S. potatorum was observed by Law, and Graham, on the "hilly parts of the Concans " 

 and " the Ghauts generally," a " middle-sized tree ; " by Gibson, as far as the " Adjunta jungles ; " 

 by Retz, near Madras (Pers.); by Ainslie, and Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 5. in other parts of the peninsula, 

 the ripe seeds used for clearing muddy water, the pulp of the fruit eaten by the natives, but the 

 pulverized dried fruit "reckoned emetic" (Drur.). Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 497 

 in Pegu and Toungoo, the use of its seeds being well known to the Burmese. 



Cordia obliqua of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit " selu " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which 

 we recognize the " selu " of the Institutes of Manu v. 6, whose fruit should not be eaten : — C. obliqua 

 was observed in Hindustan by Ainslie 183 to 228, and Balfour 87. From transported specimens, is 

 described by Willdenow phytog. i. pi. 4 (Pers ). 



Amiaris toxicaria of the Siamese countries and Malayan archipelago. The bohun upas is a 

 large forest-tree, sometimes called "antsjar" (Lindl.) ; and knowledge of its exudation seems implied 

 in the prohibition against poisoned arrows in the Institutes of Manu vii. 90 — (Elphinst. i. 2) : clasp- 

 ing the poison-tree, is mentioned by Bhavabhuti i. (transl. H. H. Wils.) : A. toxicaria is known to 

 grow as far as Lat. 19 in the neighbouring portion of Burmah, and its exudation continues to be 

 " used by the Karens to poison arrows " (Thomson, and Mason v. 489 to 876). Farther South, a tree 

 in the Malayan archipelago according to Jordanus (transl. soc. Hakl.) is said when "in flower" to 

 ■' kill every man that cometh near ; " an account not strictly true, but A. toxicaria has been shown by 

 Rumphius ii. pi. 87, Leschenault de la Tour, and Blume, to be virulently poisonous ; is known to grow 

 particularly on Java, Baly, and Celebes (Aepnel , and Lindl.). 



Saiiliarum sura of Tropical Hindustan. A reed called in Bengalee " shur '' or " saro " (Drur.) ; 

 in which we recognize the " sara " of the Institutes of Manu viii. 247, to be planted' for marking 

 boundaries : — S. sara was observed by Roxburgh, Royle, and Stewart, from the lower part of the 

 Punjaub along the Ganges, its leaves twisted into strong tow-ropes by boatmen, made also into mats, 

 its stems used for wicker-work and for raiting heavy timber, and the delicate pith towards the summit 

 eaten by the poor ; writing-pens from these stems are besides exported from Madras, chiefly to Bom- 

 bay (Drur ). The "bhooroo" reed " of which the native pens are made " was observed by Graham 

 "common in the Concans." (See S. spontaneum.) 



