424 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Colons aromaticus of Tropical Asia. A shrubby Labiate plant, delightfully fragrant, and called 

 in the environs of Bombay " pathur-choor " (Graham), in Bengalee "pathoor-choor" (Drur.) ; in 

 Burmah " pen-bu " (Mason), and from early times in common use as a potherb : — observed in Bur- 

 mah by Mason v. 474; by Loureiro 452, in Anam, employed in asthma, chronic coughs, epilepsy, and 

 other convulsive affections ; is termed " marrubium album Amboinicum " by Rumphius v. pi. 102. 

 Westward, was observed by Roxburgh, and Long, in gardens in Bengal, the leaves eaten, used besides 

 medicinally by the natives in colic and dyspepsia (Drur.), and a good substitute for borage when 

 put into beer and other drinks ; was observed by Law, and Graham, "common in gardens " as far as 

 Surat. The " zatarhendi villosum " observed by Forskal p. cxv to no wild among the mountains of 

 Yemen, exceedingly fragrant, and said to be edible and to please monkeys, may be compared. 



As early perhaps as this date (Avadan. asok.) Vrihaspati succeeded by Vrichasena, now king 

 at Pataliputra on the Ganges. — He is called Somasarman in the Puranas (Burn. i. 430 to ii. 778). 



" 1 13 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), in Syria, withdrawal to Aspendus of Antiochus VI. ; and Antio- 

 chus Cyzicenus associated with him in the government. 



" In this year" (Liv , and Clint ), invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones ; crossing the Alps into 

 Illvria and Italy. 



1 12 B. C = " 6th year of Ptolemy VIII.," in a papyrus showing that he had attained his majority 

 and was now sole ruler of Egypt (C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. lvii.). 



About this time (Sm. b. d.), the orator L. Licinius Crassus as Roman quaestor visiting Asia, 

 where he heard Metrodorus of Scepsis. On his return, he received instruction from the philosopher 

 Charmidas at Athens. — He died " B. C. 91." 



Larix Enropiea of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain larch, in Germany 

 '• larche " (Prior), in France "me'leze" (Nugent - ), in North Italy "larice " (Lenz) ; and clearly the 

 "picea" tree called according to Metrodorus of Scepsis " padus " by the Gauls, abounding at the 

 source and giving its name to the river Padus, — in the Ligurian language called " Bodincum" (Plin. 

 iii. 20, compared Cerasus padus) : the "larix" is mentioned by Vitruvius ii. 9, Isidorus xvii. 7, and 

 is described by Pliny xvi. 19 and 81 as a resin-bearing tree with pungent leaves and strong very dura- 

 ble wood: L. Europaea is described by Miller, is known to grow in Switzerland and Germany, and 

 according to Lindley yields Venice turpentine. Eastward, this product imported from Subalpine Gaul 

 where it is called "larika " is enumerated by Dioscorides i. 92; and to the present day the living 

 tree continues unknown in Greece (Fraas, and others). By Eu opean colonists, L. Europaea was 

 carried to Northeast America, where in our Northern States it continues sparingly cultivated for 

 ornament. 



"in B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), war commenced by the Romans against Jugurtha in Numidia. — 

 The war lasted five years. 



"The same year" (Strab , and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. lvii), return of Eudoxus of Cyzicus 

 from his voyage down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. The ship's prow surmounted with a carved 

 horse's head found by him on the East coast of Africa, may be regarded as evidence of commercial 

 intercourse with Hindustan (see below Socotra). — At the Braminical city of Toka on the Godaveri, I 

 found river-barges having a figure-head of this pattern. 



The " nesoi the" SuthaimonSs " fortunate isles (Agatharch. 103) is a translation of the Sanscrit 

 " dvipa sukhatara," — and hence the name Socotra, according to Bochart and others (C. Mull, geogr. 

 min. p. 191). The Dioscoridis Island of the Greeks, is identified by writers ; is said to have been 

 colonized with Greeks by one of the Ptolemies (Cosm. Ind. iii. 179) ; contained a mixed population 

 of Indians, Arabs, and Greeks in the days of the author of the Erythraean periplus p 16; is men- 

 tioned also by Pliny vi. 32, and Claudius Ptolemy viii 22 ; and Cosmas Indicopleustes conversed with 

 some of the inhabitants speaking Greek, but did not land there. 



That ships from the " mouth of the Indus " visited Socotra as early as this date, may be inferred 

 from what has been above stated ; and the " white cattle with the females hornless " on the " euthai- 

 monSs " isles, — are regarded by Ritter, and C. M idler, as the zebu or Indian variety : cattle imported 

 by Hindu merchants, were observed by myself in Southern Arabia. 



As early possibly as this date, Hindu merchants proceeding farther Westward across the Desert 

 to Meroe on the Nile. — There or in other localities along the river in Upper Nubia, "a figure 

 unknown in Egypt" having "three lion's heads and four arms," was observed by Lepsius eg and 

 sin. p. 156 to 178 (probably Braminicd) ; also "tanks ; " a "small temple, with riders on elephants, 

 lions, and other strange barbarous scenes ; " and at Soriba, " Indian work in ebony." 

 " no B. C. = 1st year of the 'youan-foung ' of Wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 

 In or about 109 B. C. (see Clint, iii. p. 535, and C. Mull. p. liv.), Agatharchides in his old age 

 writing his account of the Erythraean Sea. 



The KPOKOTTAC of East Africa described by Agatharchides 77 — is clearly the spotted 

 hyena, H. crocuta. 



