OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 431 



where it has become naturalized (Boj., and A. Dec). Transported to Europe, is described in 1696 

 by Plukenet aim. pi. 92. 



" 108 B. C. = 4th year of the war with Jugurtha, Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus and C. 

 Licinius Geta censors at Rome" (Sm. b. d.). Not earlier than this date, the Licinian sumptuary 

 law, assigning a limit to "the expense of eating for each particular day." The law is attributed to 

 P. Licinius Crassus, whose brother M. Licinius Crassus — became praetor in the following year; it 

 was abolished "B. C. 98" (A. Gell. ii. 24, Val. Max. ii. 9. 5, Blair, and Sm. b. d.). 



The law is mentioned by the poet Lucilius, — who died " B C. 103 " (Hieronym. chron.). 



Chenopodium rubrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain with other 

 species goosefoot (Prior), in Germany " gansefuss " (Grieb) ; and the CHAENOPADASof Lucilius, 

 — and Macrobius, is referred here by writers : C. rubrum is described by Morison ii. pi. 31, is termed 

 " c. pes anserinus primus " by Tournefort inst. 506, and is known to occur in waste and cultivated 

 ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1149, Curt. lond. vi. pi. 20, and 

 Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp along walls at Constantinople; and by Forskal around 

 Cairo in Egypt. (Compare C. album.) 



" 107-6 B. C." (Porphyr., and Clint iii. p. 399). The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy IX. Alex- 

 ander, occur on the monuments : but his reign is included in that of his brother Ptolemy VIII. (see 

 below). , 



•' 105 B. C," date of a deedior the sale of a piece of land (discovered in Egypt and translated by 

 Champollion-Figeac p. 439). The deed is accompanied with evidence, of the existence already of the 

 system of public Registry. 



"104 B. C. = Tst year of the 'tai-tsou' of Wou-ti " (Chinese chron. table). Sse-ma-thsian 

 about this time commencing his great historical work, called the " Sse-ki " — (Pauth. p. 246). 



The same year (= " 169th 01." of Marcian peripl. Menipp. 3), Artemidorus of Ephesus writing. 

 He had visited "gathfiira " (Cadiz) and " ISrou akrfiteriou " (Cape Sagra), and describes the Spanish 

 women as equalling the men in manliness, a point "in common with the Celts, Thracians, and Scyth- 

 ians," working in the fields, and not quitting even during parturition. 



The East African coast beyond " Notou kSras" (Cape Gardafui opposite Socotra), unknown in 

 the time of Artemidorus — (Strab. xvi. 4. 14). 



Bambusa sp. of Equatorial Africa. A species of bamb oj and "kalamfin inthik6n " used for 

 bows on the upper waters of the Nile, is mentioned by Artemidorus: — "kalamSus" like the 

 "inthikois " were sent home by Bogus to his wife (Strab. xvi. 4. 9 to xvii. 3. 5) : B. sp. was observed 

 by Grant near the Eastern coast on the " Usagara hills 6° 30' S., and not again till 3 15' N." on the 

 Nile, growing in thick clumps fifteen to twenty feet high, and used for houses, baskets, bows, and 

 spear-handles. 



Dalbergia melanoxylon of Equatorial Africa. A small tree called in the Kinyoro language 

 "m'teendeea," in the Suahili "m'pingo," at Ugogo "m'gembeh" (Grant); and the arrows "pSpurak- 

 t6m£n5is" hardened in the fire, used according to Artemidorus by the same naked people — (Strab. 

 xvi. 4. 9), may be compared : D. melanoxylon was observed by Grant " from 5 S. to 5° N." on the 

 Nile, its hard heavy wood, impervious to insects, used for rafters, arrow-tips, wooden hammers for 

 beating bark cloths, and its "root a cure for toothache." Westward, was observed by Guillemin and 

 Perrotet in Senegambia. 



Acacia horrida of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " orfota " (Forsk.) : and the " sturax " 

 produced according to Artemidorus on the African side of the entrance to the Red Sea — (Strab. xvi. 

 4. 13), may be compared: A. horrida was observed by Forskal p. 177 along the base of the moun- 

 tains of Yemen, its wood and "resina" employed in epilepsy as a fumigation, also in curing Guinea- 

 worm, a disease called "sora " and the worm " ork." Transported to Europe, the plant is described 

 by Plukenet aim. iii. pi. 121, and Jacquin hort. iii. 75 (Pers., and Steud.). 



hicus populifolia of Tropical Arabia. A tree called in Yemen " mudah " or "vudah," but by 

 resident Banyans "baresch" (Forsk.); and possibly the "ie>6n aig£ir6na" already in the days of 

 Artemidorus on the African side of the entrance to the Red Sea — (Strab. xvi. 4. 14) : F. populi- 

 folia was observed by Forskal p. 180 among the mountains at Wadi Zebid, the dried leaves bruised 

 and used for tanning, and matchlock cords made from the bark. Eastward, " F. cordifolia" called 

 "pair" in the environs of Bombay (Graham), and " nyoung-gyat " in Burmah, where it is usually 

 substituted for F. religiosa near "religious edifices " (Mason), may be compared. (See F. religiosa ) 



Laurus (Oreodaphne) cupularis of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. A very large tree 

 called in commerce "cinnamon of the Isle of France" (Lindl.) or by French residents "bois de 

 canelle " (Aubl.) ; and the *£ YAO K.A C I A N attributed by Artemidorus to the African side of the 

 entrance to the Red Sea — (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), may be compared : O. cupularis is known to grow in 

 woods on the islands of Mauritius and Bourbon (Aublet i. 363, Lam., and Pers.), and on Madagascar, 

 its wood "strong scented" (Lindl.). 



