432 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Sacchartcm ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A grass five feet high (Grant) ; and the 

 "phloun" abundantly produced according to Artemidorus by a river on the African side of the 

 entrance to the Red Sea— (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), maybe compared: Saccharum ? sp. was observed 

 by Grant from the " Equator to 2° N." on the Nile, used by the Uganda and Unyoro for thatch (no 

 flowers). 



Pennisetum Benthami of Equatorial Africa. A reed ten feet high, called " maweengo-weengo " 

 (Grant) ; and possibly the " phloun " in question : — P. Benthami was observed by Grant "by water, 

 Equator to 3 N., etc.," used in Uganda for fences and walls of houses, and slips as knives to cut 

 meat. Received from Africa, and described by Steudel. 



The river porpoise of the Ganges, Delphinus Gangeticus, mentioned by Artemidorus (Strab. 

 xv. 1. 72) : also, the presence there of crocodiles (the slender-beaked species, C. Gang. ?). 



" 102 B. C." (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), the Teutones defeated at Aqua; Sextiae (Aix in Provence) 

 by the Roman army under Marius. 



Descriptions of plants by Cratevas, Dionysius, and Metrodorus, were accompanied by figures 



— (Plin. xxv. 4). Plants of late painted "n£ographa " are mentioned by Meleager cor. i. 55. 



Corydalis tuberosa of Europe. The " mithridatiam " named after Mithridates by Cratevas, its 

 root giving out two "acantho "-like leaves and between them a stem bearing " roseum florem " — 

 (Plin. xxv. 26), maybe compared: C. tuberosa is described by Caesalpinus vi. 75; has two leaves 

 and a simple stem and purple flowers (Spreng., and Lindl.), and is known to grow in shady woods 

 in France (Dec. fl. fr. iv. p. 627, and Pers.). The root according to Lindley is "hollow" also "very 

 bitter and rather acrid," and with that of the next species constitutes the "radix aristolochiae " of the 

 shops, " principally employed as an external application to indolent tumours." 



Corydalis fabacea of middle and Northern Europe. Sold with the preceding under the name 

 "radix aristolochia; " (Lindl.), and perhaps the "aristolohia" prescribed against gout by Cratevas, 



— and Gallus, further described in the addition to Diosc. iii. 4 and identified with the "arariza" or 

 " mflSkaproum " or "£ph£stios" or "Ostitis" or "puxiSnux" or "tharthanos" or "iontitis" of the 

 Greeks, and " sopitis " of the Dardanians. Farther South, with the " sopho£ph " of the Egyptians. 

 Westward, with the rustic "apsinthion" of the Dacians, "thSximon" of the Gauls, "hamaimelon" 

 of the Sicilians, and " tfirrai mala" of the Italians: the external application of "pistolochiam " root 

 was prescribed against gout by Celsus, and the " plistolochia " is distinguished from the "aristo- 

 lochia" by Pliny xx. 14 and xxv. 5$ and 90 : C. fabacea is termed "pistolochia intermedia" by Bern- 

 hardi ; is described also by Retz, and Ehrhart ; and is known to grow in shady mountainous situations 

 in Germany and other parts of middle Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 1394, Pers., and Wahl.). 

 The root according to Lindley is "solid," but like that of the preceding species "very bitter and 

 rather acrid." 



Papaver argemone oi middle Asia. Called in Greece " agria paparauna " (Fraas) : the " argg- 

 m6ne " of Cratevas, — and Dioscorides, resembling " agria mek6ni," but the leaves multifid "an^m- 

 6ne"-like, the flower scarlet, capsule longer than in " mek6ni roiathi " and enlarged at the summit, 

 and the plant or root exuding a yellowish acrid juice, is referred here by writers : P. argemone was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek 

 islands ; by Bieberstein, in the seaside sand of the Crimea. Westward, the " argemSne " or " 5in6ne " 

 or "anth£mis" or " anthos pSthinon" field flower or "omonuia" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the "korna" of the Gauls, and "livornia " or " kogkorthialis " or "pSrgalia" of the Romans: the 

 "argemonia" is described by Pliny xxv. 56, and as occurring in cultivated ground in Italy: P. 

 argemone was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde (Wats., and A. Dec); is termed "p. 

 erraticum capite oblongo hispido " by Tournefort inst. 238 ; and is known to occur in grain- 

 fields and sandy soil in Southern and middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. S67, and 

 Pers.). 



Nasturtium armoracia of the Uralian plains. Called in Britain horseradish (Prior), in Germany 

 " meerrettig " (Grieb), in Russian " chren " (.Moritzi), in old French " moutarde des Allemands " and 

 in current French " cran " or " cranson " (A. Dec), in Italy " armoraccio " or " rafano rusticano "' 

 (Lenz), by the Greeks of Constantinople " kranos " (Fraas), in which we recognize the kind of 

 © A A CTTI called TT6PCIKON: CINHTTI described by Cratevas as having broad leaves and a great 

 root which is mixed in washes for sciatica — (Diosc. ii. 185): the account is copied by Pliny xxvii. 

 113 : N. armoracia was observed by Pallas trav. i. 308 on the Lower Volga; by Belon, at Constanti- 

 nople ; by Grisebach, seemingly wild in European Turkey; is known to grow wild from Finland 

 to Astrakhan and the Desert of Cuman (Ledeb., and A. Dec). Westward, is regarded bv A. Dec- 

 andolle as introduced into Britain prior perhaps to the visits of Romans ; is described by Petrus 

 Placentius, Fuchsius 660, Rlatthioli, and T. Johnson, and is known to occur cultivated and natural- 

 ized in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Norway and Sweden (Pers., Fries, and Lenz). 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation and 



