OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 433 



has become naturalized, occurring in wild situations in New England. The root according to Lindley 

 " is stimulant, diaphoretic, and diuretic, and externally rubefacient : it is used in paralysis, rheuma- 

 tism, dropsy, and some cutaneous affections." 



Verbena officinalis of the Galapagos Islands and neighbouring continental America. Called in 

 Britain vervain ox pigeon's grass (W. Coles, and Prior), in Sweden " jernb'rt," in Germany " eisen- 

 kraut" (Spreng.), in France "verveine" (Nugent), in Italy "berbena" (Targ.), in Greece "stauro- 

 votani " (Sibth.) or "agria hamanthrua " (Fraas), in Japan "komatsutsura " or babinso " (Thunb.) ; 

 and the TT6PICT6PIUJNOC of Crate vas, its leaves divided in such a manner as to resemble a 

 dove's foot — (schol. Nicand. ther. v. 860) may be compared: V. officinalis is figured in the illus- 

 trated ms. Diosc. at Vienna, also in Ort. Sanitat. pi. 486; is described by Braunsweig dist. f. 102, 

 Brunfels, Fuchsius 593, Belon, Matthioli, Lobel ; is termed "v. communis caeruleo flore " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 200 ; is known to occur in waste places from Sweden to Italy, Algeria, and the Canary 

 Islands (fl. Dan. pi. 628, Pers., and Fries) ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent around villages from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; 

 by Delile, and myself, in Egypt ; is known to occur in Abyssinia (A. Dec), around Caucasus 

 (Ledeb), and in Nepal (Schauer in Dec. prodr.) ; was observed by Forskal in the mountainous 

 portion of Yemen ; by Graham, " in gardens " at Bombay ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; by 

 Beechey 205 to 268, in Southern China; and by Thunberg, in Japan. Farther East, "virbena 

 similar to that of Spain " was seen by Oviedo xi. 2 in the West Indies ; and V. officinalis, if not 

 indigenous, may have been carried Northward by the aboriginal tribes, remaining sparingly along 

 "roadsides" in our Atlantic States (A. Gray, and Chapm); was observed by Beechey in Mexico; by 

 J. D. Hooker, on the Galapagos Islands; by A. Saint-Hilaire, in the outskirts of inland towns in 

 Southern Brazil, and is known to occur as far as Buenos Ayres (Schauer). Clearly by European 

 colonists, was carried to the Cape Verd Islands, Austral Africa, and Australia (A. Dec. ; 'see V. 

 supina, Prasium majus, and Sisymbrium officinale). 



Lithospermum callosum of the Egyptian Desert. A bristly-leaved hoary plant called in Egypt 

 "halamae" (Forsk.) ; and the Egyptian 6A6NION of Cratevas, growing on hillocks and in places 

 near the sea, its branches a cubit long thrown out upon the ground, leaves like those of the lentil, 

 root as thick as the little finger and attenuated downwards (clearly a Desert plant), may be com- 

 pared : L. callosum is termed " echium aegyptium asperius incano folio " by Lippi, " 1. niveum " by 

 Poiret ; is described by Delile as branching from the base so as to form rounded tufts a foot to a 

 foct and a half in diameter ; was observed by him, Lippi, and Forskal p. 39, on sand-hills near the 

 sea at Aboukir and Rosetta, also around the Pyramids and in other parts of the Desert about Cairo. 

 (See Thymus incanus). 



Echinops sphcerocephalus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens globe thistle 

 (Prior) ; and the KPOKOA6IAION resembling according to Cratevas MEAANI: XAMAIA60NTI, 

 its long acrid root having an odour like K A PAAMUJ, — an account repeated by Dioscorides, is referred 

 here by Lobel : E. sphaerocephalus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus 

 frequent in Greece, the leaves in the wild plant more deeply incised. Westward, the account of the 

 " crocodilion " by Pliny xxvii. 41 seems taken from the Greek : E. sphaerocephalus is described by 

 Lobel adv. 363 and obs. 481 (Spreng.); is termed " echinopus major" by Tournefort inst. 463; 

 and is known to occur in waste ground as far as France (Lam fl. fr., and Pers.). 



Gnapkalium sanguineum of the East Mediterranean countries. The ACAPON of Cratevas — 

 is referred here by Anguillara 27 (Spreng.) : G. sanguineum was observed by Rauwolf in Syria; is 

 described also by Barrelier pi. 34; and was received by Linnaeus from Egypt. 



Camphorosma illonspeliaca of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Called by the 

 Kirghis "jouschanu" (Pall.): the third kind of " alimon " having according to Cratevas its leaves 

 longer and " hirsutioribus," with the odour of cypress "cupressi," and used medicinally — (Plin. xxii. 

 33), may be compared : C. Monspeliaca is termed "chamaepeuce " by Anguillara p. 202 (Spreng.) ; is 

 described also by Buxbaum i. pi. 28 ; is known to grow in Spain and Southern France ; was observed 

 by Gittard in the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas trav. i. 600, on the Yaik, supplying feed for cattle in 

 winter. 



Fucus palmetto, of European seas. The e€PHTTIAION of Cratevas, growing on shells and 

 rocks in the sea, — is referred here by Anguillara 171 (Spreng.). 



101 B. C. (= 543 — "441 y- 9 m0 - IO days " in the Mahavamsa xxxiii.), Callona succeeded by 

 his brother Walakan-abha, now king of Ceylon. — He caused "the three precepts of the doctrine 

 Trepitteka" to be committed to writing, and reigned "twelve years and five months." 



One hundred and twenty-sixth generation. B. C. 100, Jan. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the Greek 

 poets, Licinius Archias ; the philosophers, Zenon the Epicurean, Diotimus the Stoic, and Philon of 

 Larissa; the astronomer Geminus ; the mathematician Theodosius of Tripoli ; the historians, Alex- 

 ander Polyhistor, and Apollodorus of Artemita ; the geographer Scymnus of Chios ; the grammarian 



55 



