434 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Dionysius Thrax ; the rhetors, Hermagoras, Athenaeus, Apollonius of Allabanda, Apollonius Molon, 

 Dionysius of Magnesia, Menippus of Caria, Aeschylus of Cnidus, and Xenophanes of Adramyttium ; 

 other Greek writers, Athenodorus Cordylio : the Latin writers, Pomponius Bononiensis the dramatist, 

 Quinctius Atta the comic dramatist; the historians, Cornelius Sisenna, Claudius Quadrigarius, and 

 Valerius Antias ; the orators, Rutilius Rufus, and M. Antonius ; the grammarians, Aelius Lanuvinus, 

 Servius Claudius, and Aurelius Opilius ; the rhetors, Plotius Gallus, and Otacilius. 



In this year (= " 170th ol.," Sm. b. d.), the Greek poet Meleager collecting the Anthologia. 

 He wrote the epitaph of an elder contemporary poet Antipater of Sidon. 



Centaurea cyanus of the mountains of Sicily. Called in Britain bluebottle or corn-flower (Prior), 

 in Germany " kornblume " (Grieb), in France " aubifoin " or " bluet " (Nugent), in Italy " fior d'aliso " 

 or " battisecola '' or " ciano " (Lenz), in Greece " kuanos " (Scarlat.), in which we recognize the 

 KYA N OC of Meleager coron. i. 40, — unknown in the time of Alexander according to Pliny xxi. 24, 

 and discovered by and named from the colour of the flowers by Greeks : C. cyanus was observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus ; and is known to occur sparingly as far as Caucasus 

 (Bieb.). Farther South, the "libah" of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer; and C. cyanus 

 is enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently introduced by way of France into Egypt. Westward, the 

 " cyanus " is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 39 as occurring in Italy : C. cyanus has been found in the debris 

 of ancient lake-villages in Switzerland: is termed " flores frumentorum" in the Ortus Sanitatis 

 (Prior), " cyanus segetum flore caeruleo " by Tournefort inst. 446 ; is extensively cultivated in Italy 

 (Ten., and Poll.) ; occurs as a weed in grain-fields from Algeria and Sardinia throughout Europe as 

 far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 993, Munby, Moris, and Boiss.) ; but seems indigenous only in sunny 

 mountainous situations in Sicily, where it was observed by Gussone ii. p. 509 (A. Dec). By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues as a garden flower, and has 

 besides been found along roadsides and in waste ground (Darl., and A. Gray) ; was also carried to 

 Hindustan, where it was observed by Law "in gardens " (Graham). 



Hardly later than this date, Armenia Minor ceded by its ruler Antipater to Mithridates VI. : 

 who grown to manhood extended his conquests Eastward and Northward, over the whole of Colchis 

 and even beyond Caucasus over wild tribes along the Tanais. — His protection sought in conse- 

 quence by Paerisades king of Bosporus and by the Greek cities of Chersonesus and Olbia, and 

 through his generals Diophantus and Neoptolemus, the barbarians of the North, Sarmatians and 

 Roxolani, were defeated; a success marked by "a fortress called the tower of Neoptolemus at the 

 mouth of the river Tyras " or Dniester (Strab., and Sm. b. d ). 



" The same year = 1st year of the ' thian-han ' of Wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 



"98 B. C." (Clint), Lusitania (Portugal) conquered by the Romans under L. C. Dolabella. 



"About the beginning of the first century B C." (Gal. antid. ii. 8, and Sm. b. d.), an antidote 

 composed by Zopyrus of Alexandria, and communicated by letter to Mithridates VI. 



Clinopodium Plumieri of the East Mediterranean countries. The"z5puron" — or"6kimoei- 

 th£s " or " kleonikon " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " klinopothion " of Dioscorides, growing 

 upon rocks and two span high, with flowers resembling the leg of a bedstead, is referred here by 

 Fraas : the account by Pliny xxiv. 87 of the " zopyron " or " ocymoides " or " cleonicion " or " clino- 

 podion," though disagreeing on some points, seems taken from Dioscorides : C. Plumieri was 

 observed by Fraas on the high mountains of Greece. 



Mattliiula fenestraHs of the East Mediterranean countries-. The 060NNA of Zopyrus — 

 (Orib. xiv. 45), growing according to Dioscorides in the part of Arabia facing Egypt, yellow-flowered, 

 its leaves " euz6m6 "-like but often perforated, growing in Syria according to Pliny xxvii. 85, may be 

 compared : M. fenestralis is described by Miller diet. 10, and Linnsus dec. pi. 16 ; was observed by 

 Sibthorp on the maritime rocks of Crete. 



Brassica inca?ia of Sicily and Southern Italy. The KPAMBH : ATPIA of Zopyrus — (Orib. 

 xiv. 65), growing according to Dioscorides mostly in maritime and precipitous places, and resem- 

 bling the cultivated kind but whiter and more hairy and bitter, identified in the added Synonyms with 

 "vrassika roustika" of the Romans, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas: B. incana is 

 described by Tenore, and is known to be" not uncommon in Sicily and the neighbouring portion of 

 Italy (Spreng.). 



Hypericum hircinum of Crete and the neighbouring portion of continental Greece. The 

 TPATION of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 65), growing according to Dioscorides only on Crete, exuding a 

 gum-like juice, and resembling the "shin6 " in leaves branches and fruit but all smaller, is referred 

 here by Belon i. 17. p. 23 (ed. Clus.), and Honorius Bellus : H. hircinum was observed by them, and 

 Sibthorp, along streams in Crete ; and by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, though rare. Westward, 

 the " tragion" was known to Pliny xiii. 3 as occurring only in Crete ; H. hircinum termed " h. fcetidum 

 frutescens " by Tournefort inst. 225, is known to grow not unfrequently in Calabria and Sicily 

 (Dillen. elth. pi. 151, Pers., and Spreng.). 



