44-0 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



down to Athoulen to sacrifice to Jupiter, Mars, and Neptune on account of mariners, and here in the 

 presence of all my military forces I dedicate this carved seat to Mars in the twenty-seventh year of 

 my reign" (Cosm. Ind. ii. p. 142). 



As early possibly as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Devanica reigning in 

 Hindustan. 



"90 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), in Italy, the Marsian or Social war ; and by the Romans, the free- 

 dom of the city granted to the States remaining in allegiance. 



" 89 B. C." ( . . . Blair), commencement of war in Asia between Mithridates VI. king of Pontus 

 and the Romans. — The war continued twenty-six years. 



Scutellaria orientalis of the East Mediterranean countries. The "scordotin" or " scordion " 

 growing according to Mithridates VI. in fertile humid plains in Pontus and bitter to the taste, a cubit 

 high with the stem quadrangular and branchy " quernae similitudine foliis lanuginosis " — (Lenaeus, 

 and Plin. xxv. 27), may be compared: S. orientalis is described by Commelyn rar. pi. 30 ; is termed 

 " cassida orientalis chamaedryos folio flore luteo" by Tournefort trav. ii. pi. 129; was observed by 

 Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus, and is known to grow also in Armenia (Pers. ; see S. hirta, and 

 Teucrium scordium). 



Agrimouia eupatoria of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain agrimony (Prior), in 

 Germany " odermennig " (Grieb), in France " aigremoine " (Nugent), in Italy " agrimonia " or " eupa- 

 torio " (Lenz), in Greece " phonohorton " or by the Turks " cojun oti," in which we recognize the 

 "eupatoria" known to Mithridates VI. — (Plin. xxv. 29), described by Dioscorides as suffruticose 

 with a simple stem a cubit or more high, leaves divided into five or more parts and like those of 

 " p£ntaphullou " jnd " kannaveos," seed disposed along the stem hairy and adhering to garments: 

 A. eupatoria was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to Smyrna 

 and the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the "gafet" is mentioned by Avicenna, Serapion, Ebn Baitar, 

 and syrup of "ghafe " or " agrimonia" is enumerated by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., as employed 

 medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the " t5upat6rion " or "epatdrion" or "epatitis" is identified in 

 the Syn. Dio^c. with the "ouoloukroum maious" of the Romans : the " agrimonia" is mentioned by 

 Celsus v. 27. 10; the " agrimo'nium" by Matthaeus Sylvaticus pand. f. 9, and " egremoine " by 

 Chaucer (Prior) ; A. eupatoria is termed " a. officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 301, and is known to 

 grow along roadsides in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 5S8, 

 Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow in Siberia (Wats.) ; was observed by 

 Thunberg in Japan, and called "daikon so " or " binke so." Possibly by European colonists carried 

 to Northeast America, but was observed by Josselyn prior to 1670 in New England, by myself from 

 Lat. 45 to 39 beyond Philadelphia chiefly in bushy places along roadsides. According to Lindley, 

 " is celebrated as a vermifuge," and is " a common ingredient in ' herb teas.' " 



Geuin coccineum of the East Mediterranean countries. — The "eupatfirion" by some called 

 "arg£mSnen" from its scarlet flower (Diosc. ii. 207 and iv. 41), may be compared: also the 

 " argemon " or " canaria lappa" discovered by Minerva, according to Pliny xxiv. 116 and xxv. 56, or 

 the kind of "argemonia " whose root has the odour of "thus : " G. coccineum is termed " caryophyl- 

 lata orientalis flore magno coccineo " by Tournefort cor. 20, and was observed by Sibthorp pi. 485 on 

 the Bithynian Olympus. 



Valeriana Dioscorirfis of the East Mediterranean countries. The $0 Y of the antidote of Mith- 

 ridates, — and those of Marcianus, and Servilius Damocrates, mentioned also by Cassius ant., by 

 Andromachus as from Pontus (Scribon. Larg. 170 to 177, and Gal. antid.), by Dioscorides as growing 

 in Pontus and sometimes called " agrian narthon," a cubit or more high with a hollow stem, leaves 

 like those of " elaphov6sl<6 " or "ipposglin6," flowers purplish-white, and the root strong-scented 

 (as might be inferred from the name), is referred here by Sibthorp and others: the "phu" is 

 described by Pliny xii. 26 as imported from Crete, a root resembling birds' feet, in other respects his 

 account seems taken from Dioscorides : V. Dioscoridis was observed by Hawkins, and Chaubard, 

 from Lycia to the Greek islands ; and is known to grow along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.). The 

 odour of the root according to Lindley is "almost like that of Valeriana officinalis, but less un- 

 pleasant." 



Boletus laricis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " agarico " or 

 "agarico officinale " (Lenz), in which we recognize the A f A P I KO N of the antidote of Mithridates, 

 — and those of Antipater, and Martianus (Scribon. Larg. 167 to 177, and Galen antid. ii.), or the 

 "agarikon arrfin" described by Dioscorides as growing in Agaria in Sarmatia, roundish and wholly 

 concrete: the "agaricum" is described by Pliny xvi. 13 and xxv. 57 as a white fragrant "fungus" 

 growing high up on trees and shining at night, the kind from Gaul being weaker than that from the 

 Bosphorus : B. laricis is termed " agaricus sive fungus laricis " by Tournefort inst. 562 ; is known 

 to grow in Switzerland, France, and throughout middle Europe (Michel, gen. pi. 61, Jacq. austr. i. 

 pi. zo, Bulliard pi. 296, and Lenz) ; in the absence of the larch, was observed by Sibthorp in Boeotia 



