OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 447 



66; is termed "horminum sylvestre lavendulae flore" by Tournefort inst. 178; and is known to 

 grow in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Desf. atl., Curt. lond. vi. pi. 1, 

 and Pers. ; see Mesembryanthemum Copticum, and Salvia sclarea). 



"63 B. C." (Dio, Blair, and Clint.), suicide of Mithridates VI. after defeat by his son, now 

 Pharnaces II. : terminating the Mithridatic war against the Romans. The work of Mithridates 

 on poisons was delivered by Pompey to his own freedman Lenaeus, to translate into Latin (Sm. 

 b. d.). 



Tamarix Germanica of the plains of Tartary and Eastern Europe. A kind of tamarisk called 

 in Italy " tamerigio " or "tamerice" or "mirice" (Lenz), and the ERICEN of Lenaeus, — regarded 

 by some as the "tamaricen" (Plin. xxiv. 41), may be compared: the "tamaris'' or "tamarix" is 

 mentioned by Celsus ii. 33, Columella viii. 15. 4, and the "tamarix scopis tantum nascens " by Pliny 

 xvi. 45 : T. Germanica is described by Miller pi. 262 ; and is known to grow in North Italy (Scop., 

 and Lenz) and middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Moench). Eastward, is termed " t. decandra " 

 by Pallas ; is called "balgou" by the Mongols and Bouriates, and is used by them as a substitute 

 for tea (Klapr.). 



Cytisus scoparius of middle Europe. Called in Britain broom, in the Anglo-Saxon leechbook 

 "brom," in Germany " brame " (Prior), in France "genet" (Nugent), and possibly the SCOPIS- 

 A M E R I N I S to which the ERICEN is likened by Lenaeus : — C. scoparius is described by Linnaeus, 

 and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 313, Engl. bot. pi. 

 1339, and Pers.). The young tops in decoction according to Lindley are "diuretic and cathartic, 

 seeds said to be emetic." 



" In the summer" (Dio, Jos., Clint., and Kitt. cycl. bibl.), after "three months" siege and on 

 the anniversary day of the first overthrow by Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem captured by Pompey, and 

 Jewish independence again overthrown. The Jews now passed to the dominion of Rome. 



" October " (Sallust, Blair, and Clint.), at Rome, the conspiracy of Cataline detected by Cicero. 

 Some of the books in Cicero's library were written on parchment — (Pouchet). 

 Semecarpus anacardium of Tropical Hindustan. ATRAMENTO-SVTORIO is mentioned 

 by Cicero, — and Pliny (Ainsw.) ; the "halkanthon" is described by Galen comp. med. viii. 3 as 

 composed in part of " hrusovalanou ; " the "xanthovalanos " is mentioned by Actuarius, and Nico- 

 laus Myrepsus ; the indelible ink-markings on mummy-cloth are derived by Mason v. p. 510 from 

 imported nuts of S. anacardium; and the "baladsir" of Ebn Masawia, I. Ben Amran, Rhazes, I. 

 Ben Ali, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar, is referred to this plant by Sontheimer. Eastward, S. anacar- 

 dium in Hindustan is sometimes called "belader" (ulfaz udwiyeh, Faulkn., Honigb., and J. F. 

 Wats.) ; in which we recognize the "balador" identified by Ebn Baitar with the " anakarthiSn " of 

 the Greeks (Royle antiq. hind , see Cardiospermum) ; is called in Sanscrit "bhela" or " arushkara." 

 in Bengalee "bhela" or "bela-tuki" or " bhola-tuki," in Telinga "nella-jedee ; " was observed in 

 Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. pi. 12, and Wight; by myself, as far as the central portion of the 

 Deccan ; by Gibson and Graham, " common throughout the Concans and in Guzerat, whence a con- 

 siderable quantity of the nuts are exported : " and according to Lindley, the "receptacles eaten like 

 apples when roasted; the pure black acrid juice employed externally by the natives" to "remove 

 rheumatic pains, aches and sprains;" also, " universally used to mark linen:" hence the English 

 name marking nut. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason among the plants of Burmah, the nuts 

 at least "constantly for sale in the bazars." and used for making indelible ink. 



Rumex buceplwlophorus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "atzStoza" (Sibth.) 

 or "agriolapatho" (Fraas) ; and the LA P ATH I • B R E V I S ■ H E R B A of Cicero fin. ii. 8, — and 

 Horace sat. 2, is referred here by Fraas : R. bucephalophorus is described by Columna ecphr. i. pi. 

 150; is termed " acetosa ocymi folio neapolitana " by Tournefort inst. 503; and is known to 

 grow in Italy (Pers., Pollini, and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, frequent in grain-fields at the opening of spring from the Peloponnesus throughout the 

 Greek islands to Cyprus. 



Aristolochia clematitis of the Caucasian countries. Called in Italy with other species " stal- 

 lagio " or " stallogio " or "aristolochia" (Lenz), in which we recognize the long-rooted kind called 

 "£rva aristolohia" by the Romans according to the Syn. Diosc. iii. 5: the A R 1 STO LOC H I A is 

 mentioned by Cicero; —the "pontica" kind, by Pliny xxv. 54 as the most celebrated; and the 

 " aristolochiae masculae " is described by him as having an oblong root as thick as a staff and four 

 digits in length, supposed to impart the power of generating males : A. clematitis is termed " a. cle- 

 matitis recta" by Tournefort inst. 162; and is known to grow in vineyards and hedges in Italy and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1235, Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz) : from 

 its name Saracen's birthwort, is conjectured by Bromfield to have been introduced into Britain during 

 the crusades, is mentioned by Gerarde, and Parkinson, as a cultivated plant only, but has since 

 become naturalized (Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and along the 



