450 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Magnus virt. herb. : H. niger is described by Lobel adv. . . ; is termed " h. vulgaris vel niger" by 

 Tournefort inst. i tS ; was observed by Munby in Algeria, and is known to occur in waste places in 

 Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece and Bithynia somewhat rare ; and is known to occur as far as 

 Casan in Russia and throughout Siberia and Daouria (Wirtz, and Ledeb.). By European colonists, 

 was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in waste places ; to Hindustan, where it is 

 sometimes cultivated by residents (Wall., Lush, and Graham). The capsules and seeds (in accord- 

 ance with the commendation of other species by Scribonius Largus 53, and Dioscorides) "are a rustic 

 remedy for toothach," and further according to Lindley "the leaves produce effects very similar to 

 those of opium,'' and "the infusion dropped into the eye dilates the pupil like belladonna." (See H. 

 albus and H. aureus.) 



lithospermnm officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain griun- 

 mil or gromwell or pearl-plant (Ainsw., and Prior), in Germany "perlkraut" (Grieb), in Italy 

 " miglio al sole " or "litospermo" (Lenz), in which we recognize the " lithosp£rmon " identified in the 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " gonoleta " of the Dacians, — called by some " eraklelan " from the strength of 

 its seeds : L. officinale was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the 

 "lithospSrmon " is further identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " koloumvam " of the Romans ; is 

 described by Pliny xxvii. 74 as growing in Italy though he had seen only a gathered specimen, having 

 "margaritis " among leaves and very wonderful, an herb producing stones : L. officinale is called in 

 an English manuscript of the Fifteenth century " lythewale," in the Ortus sanitatis 296 " milium 

 solis," identified with " granum solis " by Treveris grete herb., and hence the combined English 

 name which according to Turner should be written " gray myle " (Prior) ; is termed " 1. majus erec- 

 tum " by Tournefort inst. 137 ; was observed by Gussone i. p. 2t6 in mountain woods in Sicily ; and 

 is known to occur along roadsides and in wooded situations in Italy and throughout middle Europe 

 as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1084, Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to North- 

 east America, where it continues to occur along roadsides from the St. Lawrence throughout our 

 Northern States. The seeds or nutlets contain lime (A. Dec). 



Lithosp,-) 111 um tenuijiorum of the East Mediterranean countries. — Called in Greece "trahSa: " 

 the " lithospSrmon " growing according to Dioscorides in elevated rough situations and having leaves 

 like those of the olive but longer and broader, upright branches with a terminal bifurcation and 

 among leaflets the round white stony seed equalling a small " orovd," identified in the added Syno- 

 nyms with the " aigSnuhon " or " thiospor5n " or " Sxonuhon " or " ISontion " or " lithos 16 ontike " 

 or " gorgdnion " or " tantalitis," is referred here by Fraas : the " lithospermo " or " aegonychon " or 

 "dios pyron " or " heracleos " growing on Crete is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 74: L. tenuiflorum is 

 termed "buglossum chium arvense annuum lithospermi folio fiore cxruleo" by Tournefort cor. 6; 

 and was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Cyprus to Attica. Farther South, by Delile on the 

 Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. 



"58 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), " L. Piso and A. Gabinius '' consuls, Switzerland abandoned by 

 the Helvetii, who having burned all their towns and dwellings proposed acquiring dominion over 

 wider territory in Western Gaul. They were prevented from crossing the Rhone by Caesar i. 2, who 

 built a wall as far as the Jura ; he afterwards followed them into Gaul and defeated them, compelling 

 the surviving " one hundred and ten thousand " to return into their own country. They had left their 

 homes "three hundred and sixty-eight thousand" in number, including "ninety-two thousand " fight- 

 ing men, as appeared from tables written in Greek letters found in the camp. 



Of animals and plants whose relics are intermingled and preserved in debris of the lake-villages 

 of Switzerland, the following species (including those already-mentioned) have been discovered : 



Of water and marsh plants, enumerated (by Heer, in Lee's edit. Keller), Chara vulgaris and C. 

 fatidaj Phragmites communis, Scirpus lacustris, Carices, Scheitchseria palustris, Iris pscudacorus ; 

 Potamogeton perfoliatus, P- compressus, P. natans, and P. fluitans j Ceratophvl/um demersum, 

 Alisma plautago, Polygonum hydropiper, Galium pa/ustrc, Maiyanthes trifoiiata, Pcdnularis palus- 

 tris, Pcuccdaiium palustre, Nymphcca albaj A'uphar luleum and A', pumtlum f j Ranunculus aqua- 

 tilis, R. lici/craccus, R. JIam inula, R. lingua, and 



Hydrocotyle vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white rot 

 or sheep's bane (Prior), in Gothland "spikblad" (Linn.)- — termed "cotyledon palustris '' by 

 Dodoens pempt. 113, " h. vulgaris " by Tournefort. inst. 328, and known to grow from Iceland (Wats.) 

 throughout Europe (Gerarde 528, Curt. lond. vi. 19, fl. dan. pi. 90, and Pers.), also in North Africa 

 and as far as Eastern Asia (Wats.) : was observed by Linnxus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in marshes 

 on Crete and Zacynthus. Possibly by European colonists carried to Jamaica (Pers.), and Australia 

 (Wats.). 



Of ferns, Pteris ai/uiliua : of mosses, undoubtedly used for stopping holes in the walls of the 

 huts and for bedding, Antitrichia curtipcndula ; A'ckcra complanala and A', crispa ; Tliuidium dcli- 

 catu/um, tlnomodoH viticulosus, Leucodou sciuroides, and Hylocomium brevirostrc : 



