OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 451 



Of plants for procuring fire, or tinder fungi, Polyporus igniarius, P. fomentarius ; and Dadalia 

 quercina : 



Of forest trees and shrubs, Pinus sylvestris, P. montana, P. abies, and P. picea; Taxus baccata, 

 Juniperus communis, Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Betula alba, Alnus glutinosa j Salix repens 

 and S. cinerea ; Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Euonymus Europatis, Acer, Sorbus aucnparia, 

 and Rhamnus frangula ; and at Robenhausen, twigs and remains of leaves of Viscum album, the 

 sacred plant of the Gauls : 



Rhamnus franguta of Northern Europe and Asia. — Called in Danish "spregner," in Dutch 

 " sporkenhout," in German " sporkenholz" or " spreckenholz " (Cockayne); in which we recognize 

 the "spracen" of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 15. 4 and xxiii : R. frangula is called in Britain 

 black alder ox berry-bearing alder (Prior) ; is termed "frangula" by Tournefort inst. 612; is known 

 to grow from Lat. 65 30' in Lapland throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 278, 

 Laestadius, and A. Dec); was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople; and farther 

 East, is known to grow in the Oural and throughout Siberia (Gmel., and Ledeb.). According to 

 Lindley, the berries are emetic. 



Of berried fruits, Pyrus mains, the crab of considerable importance for food, everywhere diffused, 

 and a larger round variety probably cultivated; P. communis, only a few specimens; P. aria; 

 I'runus spinosa, sloes gathered in great abundance ; P. insititia ; Cerasus padus, bird cherries 

 gathered in great abundance ; C. mahaleb, and only at Robenhausen stones of the sweet cherry ; 

 Rosa canina, the seeds in abundance ; Rubus Idceus, R. fruticosus, and Fragaria vesca, the rarest 

 of the three ; Sambucus nigra, and 6". ebulus, seeds of both in abundance ; Vaccinium myrtillus, the 

 seeds rare ; V. vitis-idaa, the leaves only met with ; and Viburnum lantana, the berries in several 

 lake-dwellings : 



Of nuts, Fagus sylvatica, beech-nuts abundant and probably used as food ; Corylus avellana, 

 hazel-nuts including one from Robenhausen bored by the nut-beetle ; and Irapa natans : 



Of bast and fibrous plants, Tilia grandifolia, and T. parvifolia ; Linum angustifolium, cul- 

 tivated : 



Of plants used for dyeing, Reseda luteola may probably have been used for dyeing the linen 

 cloth : 



Of aromatic plants, Carum carui, caraway seeds found at Robenhausen and probably used as 

 condiments. 



Of oil-producing plants, Cornus sanguinea ; and at Robenhausen, a cake of seeds of Papaver 

 somniferum var. antiquum, the seeds probably pressed for oil, or perhaps eaten scattered over bread : 



Of culinary vegetables, Pisum sativum the only kind that can with certainty be traced as far 

 back as the Stone age ; Faba vulgaris var. Celtica nana appearing in the Bronze age of a strikingly 

 small size, such as are never found afterwards ; Ervum lens var. microspermum ; Pastinaca sativa 

 the parsnep ; and Daucus carota the carrot : 



Of cereals or different kinds of grain, Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum sanctum with Triti- 

 cum vulgare var. antiquorum, both of them small-grained, are the most ancient, most important, 

 and most generally cultivated ; next come Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum densum, Triticum 

 vulgare var. compactum muticum, Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria Italica _, two-rowed barley, 

 with Triticum vulgare var. dicoccum, T. turgiaum, and T. monococcum, probably only cultivated 

 in a few places as experiments; T. spelta, with Avena sativa, appearing later not till the Lronze 

 age: 



Of weeds of the grain-fields, Centaurea cyanus, at Robenhausen only; Lohum temulentuin , 

 Lappa major, Agrostemma githago, Lychnis vesperiina ; Silene Cretica, unknown at the present 

 day in Switzerland and Germany ; Spergula pentandra, Galium aparine, Medicago minima j Cheno- 

 podium rubrum, C. sp. with striped seeds, and 



Arenaria serpvllifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive annual called 

 in Britain sand-weed (Prior), remnants in the debris of the lake-villages of Switzerland : — described 

 by Fuchsius 23; termed "alsine minor multicaulis '' by Tournefort inst. 243; and known to occur 

 in fallow ground from Britain throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 32, and Pers.) ; observed 

 by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.); by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on walls and in arid situa- 

 tions from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Bieberstein, along the Taurian 

 mountains. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by Hooker on 

 Iceland, by myself in fallow ground around Salem and Philadelphia, by A. Gray in "sandy waste 

 places" in Central New York, by Short in Kentucky, and by Chapman in "waste places" as far as 



" Florida." 



Ranunculus repens of Europe and Northern Asia. Remnants of this buttercup in debris of the 

 early lake-villages of Switzerland: — R. repens is described by Valerius Cordus 8 (Spreng. praef. h. 

 h.) ; is termed " r. pratensis repens hirsutus " by Tournefort inst. 289 ; is known to grow in moist 



