OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 453 



Of birds, Aquilafulva, and A. halicetus ; Falco milvus, F. palumbarius, F. buteo, and F. nisus ; 

 Strix aluco, Sturnus vulgaris; Corvus corax, and C. corone j Cinclus aquaticus, Columba palum- 

 bus, Tetrao bonasia, Ciconia alba, Ardea cinerea, Grits cinerea, Fulica atra, Lams sp., Cygnus olor, 

 Anser segetumj Anas boschas, and A. querquedula ; Mergus merganser, and Podiceps minor : 



Of reptiles, Cistudo Europcea, Rana esculenta, R. temporaria, and Bufo vulgaris : 



Of fishes, Salmo salar, Esox lucius, Perca fluvialilis j Cyprinus carpio, C. leuciscus, and C. 

 dobula; Chondrostoma nasus, Lota vulgaris, and Scardinius erythrophthalmus : 



But there are no remains of mice, rats, the domestic cat, nor of the domestic fowl ' : and among 

 plants, there are no traces of rye, Secale cereale ; nor of hemp, Cannabis sativa. 



"The same year " (Liv., and Clint.), before the close of the first campaign of Caesar in Gaul, 

 extending as far as the Sequana (Seine), the German invaders under Ariovistus defeated and driven 

 back beyond the Rhine. 



" The same year" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 400), arrival in Rome of Ptolemy XI. of Egypt. 



" 57, Jan. 25th " (Forbiger, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, P. Clodius, no longer tribune, endeavouring 

 to prevent by armed bands the passage of a decree recalling Cicero from banishment. The ensuing 

 dissensions seem alluded to by Lucretius de rerum natura : a poem dedicated to C. Memmius Gemel- 

 lus, praetor in the previous year, — and noticed by Cicero in B. C. 55 as recently published. 



Santolina chamcecyparissus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in France "aurone" 

 (Batardfl.); and possibly the ABROTONVM of Lucretius vi. 123: — ■ " abrotonites " wine is men- 

 tioned by Columella ; the " avrotonon thelu " is described by Dioscorides as a whitish shrub, with 

 minutely-incised leaves and terminal corymbs of golden flowers, growing on Sicily ; and according to 

 Pliny xxi. 34 to 92 the Sicilian kind is the best, and the "abrotonum " with golden flowers is culti- 

 vated : S. chamaecyparissus is described by Matthioli comm. 513, and Clusius hist. 341 (Spreng.) ; 

 was observed by Lenz in the gardens of Italy ; and is known to grow wild in France and various parts 

 of Southern Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). " S. incana," regarded by Chaubard as not distinct, 

 was observed by him near Mycene in the Peloponnesus. (See Artemisia abrotanum). 



Cistoseira barbata of the coasts of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Probably included in 

 the A LG A- DAB AT-TORVM of Lucretius, — and "alga" of Horace iii. 17. 10, Virgil, Pliny, and 

 Servius : C. barbata is mentioned by Bory as one of the most frequent seaweeds in the Mediterra- 

 nean ; was observed by him, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to the Propontis near Constanti- 

 nople ; and by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt. Farther North, is known to grow in the Atlantic 

 as far as Britain (Gooden. and Woodw. linn, trans, iii. 128, and Engl. bot. pi. 2170). 



" The same year = 1st year of the ' ou-foung ' of Siouan-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning 

 of the Forty-fourth cycle. 



"56 B. C." (Clint.), Caesar in Illyria, acquiring knowledge of the bordering nations, recalled by 

 war breaking out in Gaul. 



"The same year " (=326 B. C. — " 140 — 130 yrs." of Masudi, Wilf. as. res. ix. 181, and Colebr. 

 algbr. ind. 43), the Saca era of the Hindus; the Saca or Scythians having entered Hindustan 

 repelled by Vikramaditya king of Malwa at Ujayin. The death of Puchpamitra, last king of the 

 Maurya dynasty, possibly coincident, the predicted " five hundred years " of Budhist supremacy 

 (Avadan. asok., Chinese writings, and Burn. i. 432 and ii. 365) having expired. — The era continues 

 111 use " through all the countries north of the Nerbadha " (Elph. iv. 1 ). 



As early perhaps as this year, certain trees held sacred to three Budhas supposed to have lived 

 before Gautama. Anterior Budhas — are mentioned in the Avadana asoka, and Saddharma pundarika 

 (Burn. i. 38S to ii. 24). 



Acacia (Albizzia) lebbek of the Siamese countries. An umbrageous tree called by Hindu resi- 

 dents in Yemen " serisch '' (Forsk ), in Persian "sirish," in Sanscrit "siris," in Bengalee " sirisha " 

 (J. F. Wats.) or " siris-gachh," in Hindustanee " siris," in Telinga " dirisana," in Tamil " kattuvagai " 

 (Drur.), in Burmah "seet" (Mason) ; and consecrated to the first Budha — (Burn. i. 388 to 396). The 

 "sirisha" is mentioned by Bhavabhuti mal. 10 ; its flowers according to Kalidasa kum. v. 4 and ragh. 

 xvi. 48 will sustain the foot of a bee but not of a bird ; and is prescribed by Susrutas : A. lebbek 

 was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, Graham, and myself, a common tree of rapid growth from 

 Bombay to Travancore and Coromandel, planted in gardens and along roadsides, but in Northern 

 India "considered unlucky to employ the timber in house-building" (Drur.) ; is enumerated by 

 Mason v. 529 as indigenous in Burmah, its wood said to be " dark colored and very hard." West- 

 ward, was observed by Forskal planted at Beit-el-fakih in Yemen ; by Bruce trav. vi. pi. 4, in Abys- 

 sinia ; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in the gardens of Egypt. By European colonists, was carried 

 to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized (Boj.). From transported specimens, is 

 described by Plukenet mant. pi. 331. 



"55 B. C." (Cic, Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 395), with the concurrence of Pompey, Ptolemy XI. 

 Auletes restored by a Roman army, entering Egypt under the proconsul A. Gabimus. 



